Transcript What Are You Putting In Your Pits?

What Are You Putting In
Your Pits?
By Stephanie Bryson, Christina Reap,
Christina Ruddick, and Jessica
Wardrope
Antiperspirant vs. Deodorant
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Antiperspirant

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Reduces perspiration to prevent
odor and clothing stains by
forming a plug in sweat ducts
Deodorant

Agent for destroying odors by
fighting odor causing bacteria
Deodorant Ingredients
Ingredient
Purpose
Aluminum chlorohydrate, Blocks perspiration by
aluminum zirconium
plugging sweat ducts
Parabens
Preservative
Triclosan
Antibacterial
Propylene glycol
Wetting agent, ensures
smooth application
Polyethylene glycol
Used to thicken products
and provide “glide”
Alcohol
Kills bacteria
Synthetic perfumes and
fragrances
Mask odor
Why Research Deodorant?

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Aluminum and Alzheimer’s
Aluminum and Breast Cancer
Parabens and Breast Cancer
Propylene Glycol (alcohols) and
contact dermatitis, kidney
damage, and liver damage
Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb)
Plan of Action

FTIR

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Parabens and propylene glycol
ICP
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Aluminum, lead, and cadmium
ICP Sample & Standard Prep
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Antiperspirant/
deodorant samples
obtained @1.5g
each
Dissolved in 10mL
6M HNO3 and
diluted to 100mL
with DI water
Vacuum filtered
samples
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Aluminum

Appropriate
standard dilutions
made (ppm):
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500, 300, 100,
50, 40, 30, 20,
10, 0.1
Cadmium and
Lead
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Standards (ppm):
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0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1,
0.01, 0.001
Aluminum Calibration Curve
Al 237.312
500000
450000
y = 899.69x + 4586.4
R2 = 0.9955
400000
Intensity
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0
100
200
300
Concentration (ppm)
400
500
600
Lead Calibration Curve
Pb 261.417
250
y = 600.35x + 12.161
R2 = 0.9891
Intensity
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Concentration (ppm)
0.25
0.3
0.35
Cadmium Calibration Curve
Cd 214.439
2500
y = 7420.2x - 3.7337
R2 = 0.9993
Intensity
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Concentration (ppm)
0.25
0.3
0.35
Aluminum 237.312 Results
Sample
X-value (ppm)
Arm and Hammer
Secret
-4.89
(undetectable)
-4.97
(undetectable)
265.3
Lady Speed Stick
386.4
Gillette
454.49
Degree
462.57
Toms
Pb 261.417 Results
Sample
X-value (ppm)
Arm and Hammer
0.0290
Toms
0.0078
Secret
0.0542
Lady Speed Stick
0.0542
Gillette
0.0806
Degree
0.0632
Cd 214.439 Results
Sample
X-value (ppm)
Arm and Hammer
0.001520
Toms
0.001773
Secret
0.001852
Lady Speed Stick
0.001773
Gillette
0.001192
Degree
0.001426
Aluminum in the Body
Normal Human Levels
 The total body burden of aluminum in
healthy individuals is 30 to 50 mg.
 Approximately 50% of the body burden is
in the skeleton and 25% is in the lungs.
 Aluminum levels in lungs increase with
age.
 Aluminum levels in bone tissue of healthy
individuals range from 5 to 10 mg/kg.
 Serum levels in healthy individuals range
from
1-3 μg/L.
Daily Exposure of Metals
Metal
Aluminum
Cadmium
Lead
Sample
mg/“2clicks” of
sample
Secret
7.52mg
Gillette
12.89mg
Secret
0.0000525mg
Gillette
0.0000338mg
Gillette
0.0022mg
Tom’s
0.000221mg
Sample Calculations:
265.3mg × 100mL = 26.53mg = x , x = 7.52mg in Secret
1000mL
1.5g
0.425g
454.49mg x 100mL = 45.449mg = x , x = 12.89mg in Gillette
1000mL
1.5g
0.425g
FTIR
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Why use Infrared Spectroscopy?
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Alcohols are used as a wetting agent
to ensure smooth application, kill
bacteria
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To detect alcohols, parabens, and other
organic materials that may irritate human
skin
Propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, stearyl
alcohol
Dries out skin
Parabens act as a preservative

Possible link to breast cancer through
shaved armpits
FTIR Procedure
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A grease plate was used to
sample the deodorants
Samples were smeared onto the
yellow crystal
16 scans, % T
Peaks picked based upon
structure of paraben and
alcohols
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O-H, C-H, C-O, C=O, C-C (aromatic)
FTIR
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Propylene Glycol
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HO
OH
35503200
CH sp3 30002840
OH
O
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OR
Parabens
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C=O 1740-1720
C-O 1050-1300
O-H 3600-3200
C-C (aromatic)
1600-1400
OH
Bond
Cm-1
%T
Toms
OH
CH
C-C (aromatic)
3325.0
2923.8
1650, 1558
0.674
3.320
9.024, 10.977
Arm & Ham
OH
CH
C-C (aromatic)
C=O
3355.9
2970.1
1650, 1558
1735
3.599
6.438
14.158, 10.838
5.478
Degree
OH
CH
C=O
C-C (aromatic)
3448.4
2970.1
1735
1620, 1458
15.719
7.274
10.084
14.763, 9.245
Lady Spd Stk
CH
C=O
C-C (aromatic)
C-O
2923.8
1735.8
1620, 1458
1064.6
4.784
10.435
14.175, 9.762
0.036
Secret
CH
C=O
C-O
2962.4
1735.8
1033.7
4.112
9.420
0.008
Gillette
CH
C=O
C-O
2923.8
1735.8
1103.2
7.383
1.787
7.881
TOM’s
O
OR
HO
OH
OH
DEGREE
O
OR
HO
OH
OH
FTIR Observations
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The organic samples had much larger
alcohol peaks than the others
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Indications that Parabens may be present
in some samples
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Approximately 25% -100% more alcohol than
regular deodorant
Gillette and Speed Stick no detectable alcohol
Speed Stick, Degree, and Arm & Hammer
exhibited many peaks associated with paraben
structure
Other organic ingredients listed
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Butyl ether, triethyl citrate, EDTA,
cyclopentasiloxane
Contain similar functional groups as alcohol &
parabens
Conclusions
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Although previous research has indicated a
link between breast cancer and
Alzheimer’s to parabens and Aluminum
found in antiperspirants/deodorants our
results can not conclusively determine this
link.
The levels of cadmium and lead are not
concentrated enough in the deodorant
samples to pose harm to humans.
Aluminum may potentially pose a threat
from prolonged exposure.
Additionally, we were not able to
conclusively determined that parabens
exist in the samples; it can be said that
they possibly could be present due to the
characteristic peaks shown on the spectra.
References
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ToxGuide for Aluminum. US DHHS
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-22.pdf
www.cancer.gov
http://naturalmedicine.suite101.com/article.cfm/alum
inum_in_deodorant
http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.ycp.edu:8000/eh
ost/pdf?vid=5&hid=13&sid=39da168b-d9c4-4932852a-d9cb84ea8e9f%40sessionmgr7
http://www.achooallergy.com/article-toxicchemicals.asp
http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~webspectra/irtable.html