Transcript chemistry - Canisteo-Greenwood Central School

Chemistry 23.2
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23.2
Alcohols and Ethers
A patient does not experience
pain during surgery when given a
general anesthetic. The earliest
anesthetics, used during the Civil
War, belonged to a class of
chemical compounds called
ethers. You will read about the
chemical characteristics of ethers
that make them good
anesthetics.
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23.2
Alcohols and Ethers
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Alcohols
Alcohols
How are alcohols classified and named?
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Alcohols
• An alcohol is an organic compound with an —
OH group.
• The —OH functional group in alcohols is called
a hydroxyl group or hydroxy function.
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Alcohols
Aliphatic alcohols can be classified into
structural categories according to the
number of R groups attached to the
carbon with the hydroxyl group.
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Alcohols
When using the IUPAC system to name
continuous-chain and substituted
alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent
alkane name and add the ending -ol.
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Alcohols
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Alcohols and Ethers
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Alcohols
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Alcohols
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Alcohols
Alcohols can have more than one
hydroxyl group.
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Alcohols
These alcohols contain one, two, or three
hydroxyl groups.
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Alcohols
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is
a common component of
many household
products.
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Alcohols
Aliphatic alcohols are used in many household
products, including antiseptics, antifreeze, and
cosmetics.
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Properties of Alcohols
Properties of Alcohols
How does the solubility of an alcohol
vary with the length of its carbon chain?
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Properties of Alcohols
Alcohols of up to four carbons are
soluble in water in all proportions. The
solubility of alcohols with four or more
carbons in the chain is usually much
lower.
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Alcohols and Ethers
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Properties of Alcohols
Fermentation is the production of ethanol from
sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria. A
second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes
bread to rise.
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Alcohols and Ethers
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Properties of Alcohols
Ethanol is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic
beverages. It is a depressant that can be fatal if
taken in large doses at once.
• Denatured alcohol is ethanol with an added
substance to make it toxic (poisonous).
• Denatured alcohol is used as a reactant or as
a solvent in industrial processes.
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23.2
Alcohols and Ethers
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Addition Reactions
Addition Reactions
What reactions of alkenes may be used
to introduce functional groups into
organic molecules?
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Alcohols and Ethers
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Addition Reactions
Addition reactions of alkenes are an
important method of introducing new
functional groups into organic molecules.
• In an addition reaction, a substance is
added at the double or triple bond of an
alkene or alkyne.
• Double and triple bonds between carbon
atoms are much more reactive than
single bonds between carbon atoms.
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Addition Reactions
Addition Across a Double Bond
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Addition Reactions
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Addition Reactions
The addition of water to an alkene is a
hydration reaction.
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Addition Reactions
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Addition Reactions
The addition of hydrogen to a carbon–carbon
double bond to produce an alkane is called a
hydrogenation reaction.
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Addition Reactions
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Addition Reactions
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Ethers
Ethers
What is the general structure of an ether
and how are the alkyl groups of an ether
named?
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Ethers
The general structure of an ether is R—
O—R. The alkyl groups attached to the
ether linkage are named in alphabetical
order and are followed by the word ether.
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Alcohols and Ethers
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Ethers
An ether is a compound in which oxygen is
bonded to two carbon groups.
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Ethers
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23.2 Section Quiz.
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 23.2.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
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23.2 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. The
structure of a secondary alcohol has
___________ attached to the __________
group.
a. two R groups, OH
b. two OH groups, R
c. one R group, C—OH
d. two R groups, C—OH
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23.2 Section Quiz.
2. Choose the correct words for the space.
Alcohols that are completely soluble in water
have _________ carbons in the chain.
a. four or less
b. three or less
c. four or more
d. more than four
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23.2 Section Quiz.
3. What type of reaction would convert
CH2=CH—CH3 into CHBr—CHBr—CH3?
a. substitution
b. hydrogenation
c. addition
d. hydration
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23.2 Section Quiz.
4. Which structure is ethylmethyl ether?
a. CH3—CH2—OH—CH2
b. CH3—CH2—CHO
c. CH3CH2—O— CH3
d. CH2CH—CH3—OH
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