Transcript Surfactants & Formulations - International Islamic

Surfactants & Formulations
Kausar Ahmad
Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, IIUM
Physical Pharmacy 2
1
Choice of surfactants
1.
2.
3.
4.


HLB
PIT
H/L numbering
Water absorbing method
Applicable for simple phase emulsions
but not for complex phase materials.
Normally based on trial and error
Physical Pharmacy 2
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Characteristics of Emulsifiers

Combination of anionic and nonionic to give
excellent emulsion stability and viscosity control

Examples of nonionic
fatty acid monoglycerides, sorbitan fatty acid esters,
sugar esters, derivatives of polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol
ethers/fatty acid esters/sorbitan fatty acid
esters/hydrogenated castor oil

Examples of anionic
fatty acid soaps, fatty alcohol sulfates
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Surfactants
Application
Advantages
Fatty acid
monoglycerides
w/o vanishing
creams/lotions
Not sticky, excellent thickening
Sugar esters
Cosmetic
formulation
Not efficient but complete safety
POE fatty acid
esters &
hydrophobic
Creams & milky
lotions
Great thickening BUT hydrolysis
Fatty acid soaps creams
& nonionic
Excellent chemical stability, gloss
and viscosity BUT alkaline
Alkyl sulfate
& nonionic
Low foaming BUT skin irritation
creams
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Surfactants in Cosmetics

Determine appearance, chemical & physical
properties, usage and storage conditions

From soaps changed to nonionic surfactants –
less toxic

Emulsifiers should satisfy the following:

No toxicity and skin irritation

Chemically and physically stable (expiry?)

Surfactants should not affect other ingredients – too
many ingredients!
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Formulation Examples of
Creams and Ointments
O/W COLD CREAM
1. Stearic acid
2. Liquid paraffin
3. Vaseline
4. Cetyl stearyl alcohol
5. POE polyol f.a.
esters
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Physical Pharmacy 2
Glycerine
TEA
Deionised water
Methyl paraben
perfume
6
Cosmetic Bases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fats and oils
Waxes
Hydrocarbons
Fatty acids
Alcohols
esters

Requirement
 Low toxicity and
skin irritation
 No harmful effect
on dermophysiology
 Physical and
chemical stability
 No propagation of
bacteria
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Shampoos

Surfactants
 Anionic
POE alkyl ether
sulfate
 Amphoteric
imidazoline (low
iritant)
 nonionic
fatty acid
alkalonamides

Requirement
 Satisfactory
cleansing power
 Easy rinsing – no
scum
 Soft & good
manageability
 Luster
 Low irritation to
skin & eyes
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Additives for Shampoo




Preservatives
benzoic/salicylic acid
Thickening agents
cellulose
Anti-oxidant
BHT
Ultraviolet rays
absorbent
benzophenone



Conditioning agent
fats/oils,
cationic surfactant
Anti-dandruff agent
selenium disulfide
Opacifier
mica,
polystyrene
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Example of Shampoo
Formulation
Refer YOUR actual shampoo
formulation!
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Cream Rinse and Conditioner

Primary ingredient is cationic surfactant
ca. 1-5%
e.g. dialkyl dimethyl ammonium salt;
the longer the alkyl chain, the greater the
softening effect (thick conditioner?)

E.g. of nonionic
POE sorbitan fatty acid ester
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Ingredients other than surfactants

Fats & oils

Solvent and humectant

Thickener
Physical Pharmacy 2
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Dentrifices

Pastes
blended suspension of liquid paste
thickened with binders

Gels

Powders

Liquids
Physical Pharmacy 2
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Ingredients and Composition of Toothpaste
Polishing agents: sodium metaphosphate
25-60
Humectants: glycerine
10-30
Foaming agent: sodium alkyl sulfate
0.5-2
Binder: carrageenan
0.5-2
Flavour: peppermint
0.5-3
Sweetener: sodium saccharine
0.1-1
Preservative
Therapeutic agent: neem, gamat?
water
To 100%
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Surfactants in Toothpaste

Provide the expected foaming

Reduce surface tension

Penetrate and loosen surface deposits

Emulsify and suspend debris which
toothpaste removes from surface of teeth

E.g sodium lauryl sulfate,
sodium coconut monoglyceride sulfonate
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Exercise


Identify surfactants in

Hair shampoo

Mouth wash
What are their specific functions?
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