Transcript Biodiesel Feed Stock, Production Technology, Commercial

Biodiesel Feed Stock,
Production Technology
BIODIESEL CONCEPT
Diesel (Petroleum derived) Oil When Substituted
Partly or Wholly by a Liquid Fuel Derived from
Renewable Resource Materials
Rudolf Diesel First Demonstrated in 1900 that
Renewable Resource Material like Groundnut
(Peanut) oil as a Fuel in Diesel Engine in Place of
Petroleum Diesel Without any Problem.
Biodiesel
The present Concept
Conversion of Oils/Fats to Alkyl Esters of Monohydric
Alcohols to overcome Problems of High Viscosity,
High Boiling Point and Reactivity make
Biodiesel is Now Defined Exclusively as the
‘Monoalkyl’ Esters of the Long Chain Fatty Acids
Derived from the Oils/Fats of Vegetable and Animal
Origins that Fulfill almost all the Requirements of
Petroleum-Derived Diesels.
BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK
(A) Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins
(B) Refinery byproducts like
(1) Fatty Acid Distillates (FADs) (Palm FADs).
(2)Acid Oils (Soyabean, Rice bran, Coconut, Mustard).
(C) Used Oils Like Frying Oils.
CPO MILLING
TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL
PRODUCTION
TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL
PRODUCTION
separations
Triglyceride
LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION
ESTERIFICATION
The reaction of+
fatty
acid with an
alcohol
produces +
esterWater
and water. The
Alcohol
Acid

Ester
esters can be separated from the water because they have low solubility
in it
.
Esters can be produced under conditions of low or high temperature and
the crude product is distilled, bleached and deodorised as appropriate
before a pure ester is produced.
CATALYST
Chemical catalyst process
Biocatalyst process
Chemical Catalyst Process
One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide or
Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats are
Refined (RBD).
Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS
(I) Esterification with Conc. H2SO4, H3PO4
(ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst NaOH, KOH or High
Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way
conversion to Biodiesel.
One-Step Biocatalyst Process for
Biodiesel Production
Simultaneous Esterification And Transesterification
(Alcoholysis) of Triglyceride Oils.
Esterification
Lipase
R.COOH + MeOH
R.COOMe + H2O
TRANSESTERIFICATION
CH2OCOR
CHOCOR + 3MeOH
CH2OH
Lipase
3 R.COOMe + CHOH
CH2OCOR
CH2OH
Lipase
Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica &
Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)
Chemical Process
For Biodiesel Production
A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis)
Process.
Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1.5% F.F.A.)
+
Alcohol (Methanol) 1.6-2 Times
Theoretical Amount
Base Catalyst
500C-700C
KOH OR NaOH
4-6 Hr.
0.3-1.5% or
NaOMe 0.5% or
Less
ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT
Necessary Post-Treatment
BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)
B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND
TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS.
1st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Acid Catalyst +
Alcohol (1.6-2 Times
(Conc. H2SO4
the Th. Amount)
0.1-1% on F.F.A
1000-1200C/10-12 hrs.
Basis
Or 600C/4-5 hrs.Or
350C/2 hrs.1-2 hrs.
Ester Phase
Glycerol Phase
2nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
ESTER PHASE
Base
Reflux Or at 600C
Catalyst
For 0.5-6hrs.
Alkyl Ester Phase
Glycerol Phase
Purification
Acidified
Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters
Purification
AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA)
Esterifying Agent
1800C-2200C
Like Glycerol
2-6 Torr,
(Theoretical Or
6-12 hrs
20-60% Excess
Over theoretical
Neutral Oil
Transesterification Process
Methyl Ester
Purification
Biodiesel
Glycerol
(Recycled in the
Esterification)
TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH
SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Oil + Methanol (1:42 )
300-5000C
300 Atmospheres
Times 3-4 minutes
Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)
Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With
Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic
Compound
Vegetable Oil
1-ALKANOL
Methanol Or Ethanol
Stable Solution (Liquid)
(With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel
Fuel)
BIODIESEL STANDARDS
Linolenic Acid
Methanol Content
Monoglycerides
Diglycerides
Triglycerides
Free Glycerol
Total Glycerol
Alkali Metals
Alkali Earth Metals
Phosphorus Content
< 12%
< 0.02%
> 1.0
> 0.25
> 0.25
< 0.02
< 0.38
< 5 ppm
< 5 ppm
< 10 ppm
FEEDSTOCK
•
•
•
•
MINYAK NABATI KW 1 (FFA <5%)
MINYAKNABATI KW 2 (FFA > 5%, <20%)
MINYAK NABATI KW 3 (FFA>20, <70%)
PFAD (FFA >70%)
PROSES KIMIA
•
Esterifikasi
•
Transesterifikasi
Teknologi proses
FEEDSTOCK
METHANOL
Process conditions




BIODIESEL
High temperature
Medium temperature
Low temperature + Catalyst
Low temperature + Enzyme
GLYCEROL / WATER
150 oC >
100 – 130 oC
50 – 80 oC + Catalyst
30 – 50 oC + Enzyme
Examples (Batch Reaction)
Oil
Crude Palm Oil
Crude Palm Stearin
Rapeseed
Sunflower
Coconut
Palm Kernel
Soya bean
Corn
Tallow
FFA(%)
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.5
1.5
3.2
1.3
9.6
3.9
Yield of Methyl Ester(%)
96
98
95
94
98
98
95
96
93
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF
VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS
CHARACTERISTICS TESTED
METHYL
ESTER
PALM
OIL
COCONUT
DENSITY
150C
0.872-0.877
0.872
VISCOSITY
400C
4.3-4.5
2.7
CETANE
NUMBER
64.3-70
62.7
HEATING
VALUE
32.4 MJ/L
30.8 MJ/L
METHYL
ESTER
DENSITY
150C
VISCOSITY
400C
CETANE
NUMBER
HEATING
VALUE
RAPESEED
(LEAR)
0.882
4.2
51.0-59.7
32.8MJ/L
SUNFLOWER 0.885
4.0
61.2
32.8MJ/L
SOYABEAN
0.880
4.0
45.7-56
32.7MJ/L
0.830-0.840
2.0-3.5
51.0
35.5MJ/L
TYPICAL
DIESEL
FUEL