Transcript Cornell - Norway

Development of Cellulosic
Biofuels
Chris Somerville
Energy Biosciences Institute
UC Berkeley, LBL, University of Illinois
The Energy Biosciences Institute
(www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org)
• $500M committed over 10 years
• Research mandate to explore the application of
modern biological knowledge to the energy sector
– Cellulosic fuels
– Petroleum microbiology (bioremediation, biosouring,
corrosion, recovery…)
– Biolubricants
2
Combustion of biomass can provide
carbon neutral energy
Sunlight
CO2
Tilling
Land conversion
Fertilizer
Transportation
Processing
CO2
Photosynthesis
“Combustion”
Biomass
Work
It depends on how the biomass is produced and processed
Net GHG emissions from various fuels
From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
Overview of Brazil sugarcane
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~8 M Ha planted in 2009
~27 B liters ethanol, 2009
~80-120 T/Ha
~6400 L ethanol/Ha
~429 mills
Plantings last 5-12 y
Large mill
– 22,000 tons/day
– 750 truck loads/day
http://english.unica.com.br/content/show.asp?cntCode
={D6C39D36-69BA-458D-A95C-815C87E4404D}
Primary uses of US corn
USDA Economic Information Bulletin #79, 2011
Renewable Fuel Standard
(Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)
40
Biofuel Volume (billion gallons)
35
30
25
Biodiesel
General Advanced
Cellulosic Advanced
Conventional
Previous RFS
Advanced
20
15
10
5
0
Year
US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons
26 B gals ~ Corn stover
19.9%
Wheat straw
6.1%
Soy
6.2%
Crop residues
7.6%
Grains
5.2%
Perennial crops
35.2%
~45 B gals
Manure
4.1%
Urban waste
2.9%
Forest
12.8%
From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005
Napier grass: A potential energy crop
(One-year old crop growing in Florida, photographed in October 2009)
Courtesy of Brian Conway, BP
An energy crop
Courtesy of Steve Long et al
Yield of 26.5 tons/acre observed by Young & colleagues
in Illinois, without irrigation
Crop models for biomass production indicate
advantaged regions for biomass production
Fernando E. Miguez Steve Long German Bollero
Harvesting Miscanthus
http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/gallery/index.html
Response of Miscanthus to nitrogen fertilizer
20
N0
N60
N120
Yield (t/HA)
15
10
5
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0
1
2
3
4
Year
Christian, Riche & Yates Ind. Crops Prod. (2008)
5
6
Private forests are extensive
Alig & Butler (2004)USDA Forest Service PNW-GTR-613
Land Usage
Nonarable
34.4%
Other crops
6.9%
Forest &
Savannah
30.5%
Cereal
4.6%
Pasture & Range
23.7%
AMBIO 23,198 (Total Land surface 13,000 M Ha)
More than 1.5 billion acres of degraded or
abandoned land is available for cellulosic crops
Cai, Zhang, Wang Environ Sci Technol 45,334
Campbell et al., Env. Sci. Technol. (2008) 42,5791
Agave in Madagascar
Borland et al. (2009) J. Exp. Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp118
Summary of Syngas-Liquids Processes
Fe, Co, Ru
Rh
is
es
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Methanol
Ethanol
e
Us
ect
Dir
,
Co
H2
th
yn
)
os
3
) 4 (Bu
Ox
CO ) 3P 3) 3
o( CO Ph
HC o( )(P
HC h(CO
R
(K2O, Al2O3, CaO)
zeolites
Cu/ZnO
hom
Co ologa
tion
3
ThO2 or ZrO2
H2O
WGS
Purify
NH3
Ag
Syngas
CO + H2
Isosynthesis
N2 over Fe/FeO
Formaldehyde
Acetic Acid
ca
CH rbon
yla
3O
H
Co
+ Ction
,R
O
h,
Ni
Fischer-Tropsch
d
l 2O
pe
/A
do
nO
li3
/Z 3
ka
r 2O Cu l 2O
Al
/C ; A
O nO O/
Zn u/Z /Co
C O
Cu oS 2
M
i-C4
MTBE
isobutylene
acidic ion exchange
Mixed
Alcohols
Olefins
Gasoline
Al2O3
Waxes
Diesel
MTO
MTG
DME
M100
M85
DMFC
Olefins
Gasoline
Ethanol Production Flowchart
Cellulose Process
Corn Process
Sugar Cane Process
Sugar
Cane
Corn
Kernels
Cellulose
Cellulose
Pretreatment
Sugar
Starch
Conversion
(Cook or
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis)
Fermentation
Distillation
Drying
Ethanol
Co-Product
Recovery
Animal Feed
Chemicals
Cellulose
Conversion
Hydrolysis
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Miscanthus
Switchgrass
MSW
Forest Residues
Ag Residues
Wood Chips
Thermochemical
Conversion
• Heat and Power
• Fuels and Chemicals
19
Slide Courtesy of Bruce Dale
Projected costs of gasoline from
various sources
From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
Breakdown of Capital Costs for NREL
Biorefinery
Detailed Split by Section
Pretreatment
Sacharification &
Fermentation
Enzyme Production
Distillation
Waste treatment
Boiler & Utilities
Storage
Source : Paul Willems from NREL design, May 2011
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Batch processes have many inefficiencies
Catalyst
Loss
Wastewater
Boiler
Fuel accumulation
Sugar concentration
Unused capital
Time
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Hypothetical alternative scenario
Biomass
grinding
Lignin
removal
Enzymatic
digestion
Solvent
recovery
Enzyme
production
Lignin
use
Enzyme
recovery
fermentation
Fuel
separation
and volume
adjustment
Waste
management
Fuel
use
Classical paradigm for the enzymatic
degradation of insoluble polysaccharides
Endo
Exo-processive
Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, Bjorge Westereng, Svein Horn, Zhanliang Liu, Hong Zhai, Morten Sorlie,
Vincent Eijsink (2010) Science 330: 219-222
Discovery of a novel enzyme class (CBM33 & GH61)
• CBM33s are monooxygenases that introduce chain breaks on the
surfaces of crystalline polysaccharides, including cellulose. They act
synergistically with standard hydrolytic enzymes.
• Their activity can be boosted dramatically by adding external
electron donors.
• Fungal ”GH61” proteins do approximately the same.
G. Vaaje-Kolstad et al., Science
25 330:219-222 (2010)
Sources of biodiesel
CRC Report AVFL-17
Major types of components of FACE9A diesel
CRC Report FACE-1
Routes to potential fuels
Fortman et al, Trends Biotechnology 26,375
Concluding comments
• There appears to be significant underutilized land
but expanded demand for land will require
improved management of all land uses
• Cellulosic biofuels can contribute but are not large
enough to be a “solution” to the energy/climate
problem
• There are not technical barriers to production but
there are many opportunities to fundamentally
improve the production and diversification of
biofuels
• Engineering and finance are the rate limiting step
The Future
http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/index.shtml