Transcript Why Control Lighting?

Advanced Lighting Controls
Design
Sunday May 28, 2006 2:00- 5:00
2006
Joseph M. (Jody) Good, III, LC, IESNA,
IALD, LEED - AP
Spectrum Engineers, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT
TM
Why Control Lighting?
1.User “program” requirements
2.Legal “Code” requirements
Why Control Lighting?
Facility owner may require or desire
lighting controls for room
functionality or energy rebates
Why Control Lighting?
Obvious Examples:
Switch or dimmed lighting in Meeting
Rooms, Classrooms,
Dimmed lighting in AV, training, and
presentation rooms
Dimmed lighting in Video Teleconference
rooms and Auditoriums
Why Control Lighting?
Energy CodesControl Requirements, Interior
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 2004
IECC
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
AUTOMATIC LIGHTING SHUTOFF
All buildings > 5000 sq ft shall have an
Automatic Control Device to shut off
building lighting in all spaces.
a. Time of day
b. Occupancy sensor
c. Signal from another system’s sensor
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
SPACE CONTROL
All spaces with ceiling height partitions shall
have at least one control device to
independently control the general lighting
in the space.
(IECC- Uniform Lighting Reduction Controls
Required, with exceptions.)
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
Manual control shall be able to
See the lighting ( or with pilot light)
or remote for safety then
clearly labeled
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
Automatic control (30 minutes) after all
occupants leave the space except
spaces with “Multi-scene
Controllers” in
Classrooms (some exceptions)
Conference & Meeting rooms
Employee Lunch and Break rooms
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
All other spaces:
Each control device shall be manually or automatically
by sensing the occupants.
For spaces up to 10,000 sq ft- 1 per 2500 sq ft max,
over 10,000 sq ft, 1 per 10,000 sq ft max.
Capable of overriding time of day scheduled shutoff for
no more than 4 hours. (IECC 2 Hours)
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
Summary:
Time of day shutoff required in all
spaces > 5,000 sq ft.
Large spaces require sub-divisions to
automatically control or override.
Mandatory Control
Requirements:
BIG EXCEPTION
Multi-scene Controllers” in
Classrooms (some exceptions)
Conference & Meeting rooms
Employee Lunch and Break rooms
Multi Scene controllers are NOT REQUIRED
to be to be connected to other automatic
lighting shutoff controls.
Controls for Exterior
Lighting:
All non-exempt outdoor lighting
must be controlled.
Astronomic clock or photocell.
Additional controls:
Display/ Accent/ Case/ Permanent
Task lights, others.
Master Switch for Hotel Guestrooms
GREEN OWNER:
LEED tm: Minimum Energy Code: Controls
(Energy & Atmosphere Prerequisite 2)
Enhanced Personal Lighting Controls
(Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 6.1)
Reduced Energy : (Energy & Atmosphere Credit 1)
Basic Commissioning:
(Energy & Atmosphere Prerequisite 1)
Additional Commissioning:
(Energy & Atmosphere Prerequisite 3)
GETTING IT
 Does
it HAVE TO be controlled?
 CONTROL TYPE
– Switched
– Dimmed
 CONTROL
METHOD
– Manual
– Automatic
 Time,
 LARGE
Occupancy, Photocel, etc.
or
SMALL
SCALE
Passive Lighting Controls
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
How to control lighting?
PASSIVE - Local Autonomous Systems
Occupancy Sensors
Auto on and auto off
OR Manual on auto off
Self Adjusting Delays and Sensitivity
Single or Dual Tech (PIR, Ultrasonic
acoustic)

Photo receptive feature
Passive Lighting Controls
 Relay
Systems
– Time of Day Control
– Dusk Dawn Shift Feature
– Photo receptive feature
– Local Override
 Key
or Pushbutton Stations
 “Sentinel Switch”
– Distributed Loadcenters Network
Topology
ACTIVE Lighting Control
 Occupant
Intervention
 Switch
 Manual
Dimmer
 Manual on / Auto off Occupancy
Sensor
 Preset Selection for Dimmers
– Might be BMS or Time of Day / Photocel
Controlled
Hybrid or Combination Systems
Photocel on/ clock off
 Complex Occupancy sensor situations

– Multi Head
– Multi Relay
– (Emergency loads)

Dual Technology Sensors
– Any tech on / hold / off
– Better: Both Tech on (or manual on) / any
tech hold on / both tech off
Occupancy Sensors and
Daylight Controls
 Occupants
prefer a occupancy sensor
with photocel be set to use photocel
to decide lights on when daylight
present as lights are turned on when
room becomes occupied
 Avoid turning lights off on occupants
Example Specifications
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Shall use microprocessor for motion
signal analysis and internal, adaptive
self-adjustment.
No manual adjustment shall be required
at the time of installation or during
operation.
Shall save learned and adjusted settings
in non-volatile memory that retains all
settings during power outages.
Example Specifications

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
Shall recognize motion detected within
20 seconds of turning off lighting as a
false off. In response to a false off, the
microprocessor shall increase the timeoff setting.
Maximum adapted time-out shall not
exceed 30 minutes.
Walk through feature shall shut off lights
within 2.5 minutes after momentary
occupancy.
Example Specifications
Shall beep before load is automatically
switched off.
Shall have a 3-position service switch:
off, auto, and on.
Four, selectable manual timer settings
shall be available from 30sec to
20min.
Available for wall or ceiling sensors
ROOM LAYOUT
 Bill
of Materials:
 Ceiling Dual Tech
Sensor
 277 Power Pack
(PS and Relay)
 4 Emergency
Transfer Devices
ROOM LAYOUT
 Bill
of Materials:
 Ceiling Dual Tech
Sensor
 277 Power Pack
(PS and Relay)
120 Power Pack
 4 Emergency
Transfer Devices
ROOM LAYOUT
Sensor
Relays
Switches
and
Dimmers
ROOM LAYOUT
Sensor Location
 Sense Room
Occupants
 Avoid False Triggering
 Use Door to provide
shield
 Require Manufacturer
to submit placement
diagrams using their
own sensitivity
patterns

LIGHTING RELAYS
Large Scale Control
 Flexible Control
 Time of Day
 Local Control
 Local Override

LIGHTING RELAYS
Large Scale Control
 Flexible Control
 Time of Day
 Local Control
 Local Override
 Network Multiple
Panels Together

LIGHTING RELAYS
Small Scale Control
 Flexible Control
 Time of Day
 Local Control
 Local Override
 Network Multiple
Panels Together

LIGHTING RELAYS

Digital or Analog
Switches or Stations
LIGHTING RELAYS

Building Wide
Solutions to Switching
Problems
Building Management Systems
Often we have to interface with
BMS Building Management
Systems.
Here is a primer of the terms and
technology used in this business.
Building Management Systems

BMS “Language”
• Points:
• AI Analog Input
• AO Analog Output
• BI or DI Binary / Digital Input
• BO or DO Binary / Digital Output
Building Management Systems
Analog Input can be variable
voltage, current, or resistance
signal.
 Analog Output can be variable
voltage or current.

Building Management Systems
Binary or Digital I or O think
“dry contact”.
 Dimming ballast on a BMS
required 2 points for output:

• 1 BI for switching the power on /
off
• 1 AO to provide the 1-10 volts.
Building Management Systems
These are generated by a circuit
on the serial signal “node” or
“gateway”.
 Manufacturer specific hardware
and software in a control system,
to access BMS addressing and
address to control properties of
each node.

Building Management Systems
BacNet on Ethernet
or Ethernet
Router/Gateway
BacNet
Node
BacNet
Node
DDC Controller
DDC Controller
DDC Controller
BacNet or
LonWorks
Monitored
and
Controlled
Load Devices
Building Management Systems
Router/Gateway
DDC Controller
DDC Controller
DDC Controller
LonWorks
Monitored
and
Controlled
Load Devices
Building Management Systems
BacNet on Ethernet
or Ethernet
Router/Gateway
BacNet
Node
DDC Controller
Interface
BacNet or
LonWorks
BacNet
Node
Building Management Systems
Networks:
LonWorks – Proprietary, incremental license fee per device, RS485
2 conductor, half duplex. Mostly more expensive, but
can be competitive.
BacNet- Open standard, sponsored by ASHRAE., RS485 or Ethernet.
Speed is < 10 system cycles per second.
There are others, ( ie: N2, CBus, Modbus,) but these 2 are the
majority of the systems,
Dimming For Function
Control
Zones:
1- Whiteboard
2- Downlights
3- Pendants
4-Side Wall
Slot
5- Rear Wall
Wash
DM-C OPTION #1
Various Loads, Including Power Amplifiers, if Required
DMC-1 DMC-2
DMC-4
DMC-5
DMC-3
Line voltage in, 120 or 277 volts
DM-C OPTION #1
With Emergency Bypass
Various Loads, Including Power Amplifiers, if Required
DMC-1
DMC-2
DMC-4
DMC-5
DMC-3/EM
Line voltage in, 120 or 277 volts
“Preset Station”
DM-C OPTION #2
Networked Wall Box Dimmers
Line voltage in, 120 or 277 volts
Preset Data
“Preset Station”
Preset Data
DM-C OPTION #3
“Wall Box System”
Line voltage in 120
CLASSROOM
Control
Zones:
1- Whiteboard
2- Downlights
3- Pendants
4-Side Wall
Slot
5- Rear Wall
Wash
Possible Interface
Requirements
Bac NET / Lon Works / BMS
 Audio/Video Controls, (AMX Crestron)

• Direct Access- i.e. Lutron,

Interface- Input, output, status
feedback, Bi-directional, Serial Data:
• RS 232- EIA/TIA Standard, 50 ft.
limitation
• RS 485- EIA/ TIA IEEE Standard, 4,000
ft, limitation, 2 or 4 wire, 32 taps

Dry Contacts
Dimmer and Load Types
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
Characteristics of Load determines
technical capability of dimmer
Incandescent: Resistive, simple loads.
Construction can enhance noise
transmission or suppression. Tungsten
Halogen types of Incandescent are
generally less noisy. They require a period
of high temperature operation to maintain
the tungsten cycle.
Dimmer and Load Types
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Magnetic Low Voltage- Generally sees load
connected to transformer, almost complete
dimming range. DC a danger.
Neon Very similar to Magnetic LV, often
with low end cutoff
Electronic LV- Very Different, often called
“Capacitive load”. Needs firm zero crossing
(Start of dimming cycle) for power
converter synchronization.
Dimmer and Load Types
Fluorescent -electronic dimming ballasts, 2
or 3 wire control “line voltage phase
control”. Or 4 wire 2 wires for switched
power and 2 for 0-10 volt control signal.
 Emergency in General Must turn on load
despite dimmer setting. Easy with
incandescent & LV loads. Much harder
with fluorescent loads. Prefer 2 wire
control schemes for this purpose.
Fluorescent Dimmers

3 Control Techniques
2 wire Phase Control and Neutral to 1 or more
Dimming Ballast
Tuwire & Mark 10 Known Brands
3 wire Phase Control Switched Power and Neutral
to 1 or more Dimming Ballast
4 wire Switched power and Neutral with
additional 2 low voltage 0-10 volt wired to
1 or More Dimming Ballasts
Helios, Mark 7, Known Brands
NOT INTERCHANGABLE WITH SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Dimmer Technology
(Forward) Phase Control, Triac, Dual SCRs
“Reverse Phase Control” Dimmers
Semiconductor must be able to turn off.
FET, IGBT semiconductors
 Sine-wave Dimmers Semiconductors to
turn on and turn off circuit and to shape
the dimmer output to track the shape of
the wave of the incoming power.

High Density Dimming Systems
Rack Consideration
Fault Current Rating
 Size and Mounting
 Cooling

– Fans with Noise
– Convection – may require cooler ambient
temp
Dimmer Specifications - Racks
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DMX Isolation:
All DMX512 & RS485 communication ports and remote contact input
connections shall be optically isolated from all processor electronics
by a minimum of 2,500V RMS isolation.
Life Safety Code Panic: (Also bridge to Building Fire Alarm
System)
The Rack Processor Housing shall have the provision to select any of
a maximum of 192 dimmer outputs to be activated by the PANIC
function. The PANIC function shall be activated or de-activated by
one or more local or remote contact closures.
Dimmer and Processor Speed:
The dimmer control electronics shall have 16 bit (minimum) fade
processing and a dimmer update rate better than 16 ms
Dimmer Specifications - Racks
Line Regulation:
The dimmer output levels shall be regulated for
incoming line voltage variations. The regulation
shall adjust for both RMS voltage and frequency
changes of the incoming AC wave form.
Regulation shall maintain the desired output
voltage +/- .5V volt for the entire operation
range (90 – 264 VAC). The regulation shall
compensate for variations of the AC waveform
on a dimmer-by-dimmer basis.

Dimmer Specifications - Racks
Output Filtering:
Basic Rise dimmers shall have a rise time of not
less than 350 microseconds A measured at 90
degrees conduction angle B from 10% to 90%
of output wave form C with dimmer operating at
maximum load D. Voltage rate of rise (slew rate)
must not exceed 420 millivolts per microsecond
in any point of the wave under full load
conditions

Dimmer Specifications - Racks
Output Filtering:
 2.5.3 Medium rise time dimmers shall
have a rise time of not less than 500
microseconds
 2.5.4 Hi-Rise dimmers shall have a rise
time of not less than 800 microseconds

Filtering Criteria
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A: Rise time- in microseconds, 350 minimum 800
premium
B: Conduction Angle- 90 degree worst case
C: Percentage of waveform 10%-90%
conventional, 10%-95% or others is improving
spec by increasing amount if waveform
measured.
D: Load: Theatrical manufacturers measure at
full load, (rarely achieved), other amounts as
stated.
E.: Slew Rate, some filters can take adequate
overall time, but take too long to respond, for
example, and result in noisy lamps.
Dimmer Specifications - Racks
SINEWAVE Dimmers:
Dimmer output waveform shall be a fully
symmetrical Sinewave at any output
voltage setting eliminating all lamp noise
and reducing reflected harmonics on the
building power supply. Total Harmonic
distortion shall be less than 1% and
efficiency shall be 98%.

Dimmer Specifications - WBD

SPEC From website information
– DIMMERS
 Manufacturer:
 Electrical Specifications
– Input: 120 VAC @ 60Hz, 277VAC @ 60Hz OK
– Line Voltage Regulation
Where is specification???? These can have line regulation, but
what is it?
– RFI Noise Suppression
Sure, but what??? WBD have been measured (by me) at 110 ms,
10-90% 90 degrees, full load. So “De-buzzing” coils (additional
chokes) are sold for sensitive situations and loads.
 Maximum Load: 120V incandescent: 1500W stand-alone, OK
Rack Controls
Variety of Standalone and Centralized Controls
Bag of Tricks
• Favorite Devices to Know About
– 277 volt LV Wall Box Dimmer
– Line voltage Power Booster
– 4 wire Fluorescent Dimming Ballast Interface
– Emergency Transfer Device
– Emergency Bypass Device
– Dual Technology Sensors
– Fluorescent Ballast Interfaces
Bag of Tricks
• Resettable Switch
• Dual Voltage Anything
Remember
• Today, Lighting Control is Mandatory in
many cases
• Conceive the system by determining loads
separately from control function
• Groups always work together, increase
load, simplify programming
• Load types, ie Low voltage can affect your
thinking
Thanks
• Lutron, Lightolier Controls, Leviton
Controls, Strand Lighting, Bodine
• Sentry Switch
• Wattstopper, Sensor Switch,
• Whoever else I Forgot
• For Samples, Photos, and Website
Illustrations.
Questions?
• Download at
www.spectrum–engineers.com/lighting
Go Visit these manufacturers and others on the
Show Floor.
Please remember to complete the
surveys / course evaluations.
2006
Thank you!
We hope you enjoy
the trade show and
conference!