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SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NANO MANGANESE DIOXIDE PARTICLES FOR BATTERY APPLICATIONS
K. Saminathan, S. R. Srither, K. KathiKeyan, S. Praveen and V. Rajendran
Centre for Nano science and Technology, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology
Tiruchengode-637215, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The present study is aimed to develop MnO2 nanoparticles using sonochemical synthesis. MnO2 is widely used in dry cell as a cathode material. Sonochemical
method is practically inexpensive, and is very simple technique to produce nano sized particles. During the sonochemical process, very high temperature is generated in the
liquid medium due to the rapid collapse of soni9+9cally generated cavities which allows the conversion of manganese salts into manganese dioxide nanoparticles. Capping
agents such as poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and ploy vinyl alcohol (PVA) are used to control the growth of particle size. SEM-EDAX, TEM and XRD studies are used to
characterize the manganese dioxide nanoparticles. Discharge characteristics such as self discharge, closed circuit voltage (CCV), energy density, power density and capacity
of the test cells are performed. The above results reveal that the synthesized nanosized MnO2 particles show 30% improved capacity than bulk MnO2.
Experimental Procedure
Objectives
• Synthesis of Nano γ-MnO2 by sonochemical method
KMnO4
• Unique properties - Electro chemically active, low density, good strength at elevated temperatures
• Advantages - low-cost, simple process and an amorphous MnO2 has excellent electrochemical behavior
Ammonium
Hydroxide
• Applications - component of dry cell batteries, Lithium Ion Batteries, Super capacitors
Structural Analysis - FTIR
40
MnO2
120
10
0
2000
Counts
T (%)
of tetrahedral A- and octahedral B- sites
• 632
1384
617 515
1500
1000
cm-1
is attributed to Contribution of
Amorphous MnO2 nanoparticles
100
• XRD patterns of γ-MnO2 heat treated at
80
200°C correspond to amorphous γ-MnO2
60
O-H bending vibration combined with Mn
500
10
wavenumber (cm-1)
atoms
SEM
20
30
40
50
80
90
EDAX - Spectra
• MnO2 is not closely constrained
particles are interconnected to
in the arrangement of many
each other to form an
small particles
• Electron diffraction pattern
is in the form of toroid with
• The average size of the particle
few apparent rings confirms
is 72nm
amorphous with little crystalline
Particle Size Distribution
Discharge Studies
• Particle size reveals that the
particles are uniformly oriented
1.4
• Maximum distribution (d50) of
Cell Voltage - V
range of 42-150 nm
NANO
Current drain C/8 Rate
Chemical Reaction
1
0.8
Light discharge : Zn + 2MnO2 + 2NH4Cl → 2MnOOH + Zn(NH3)2Cl2
0.6
0.4
Heavy discharge : Zn + 2MnO2 + NH4Cl + H2O → 2MnOOH + NH3 + Zn(OH)Cl
0.2
0
particles is 85±3nm
K - 8.58%
Purity of MnO2 is 91.42 %
MACRO
1.2
• Particle size distribution is in the
grains
Mn - 55.71%, O - 35.71 %,
1.8
1.6
•Lithium Ion battery development
70
TEM
agglomeration
Future Work
60
2 degree
• SEM image shows that the
• Super Capacitor applications
Brown Colloid
140
1125
1562
D.D. Water in a beaker
MnO2
• 617 cm-1 is the Mn-O stretching modes
1632
+
160
Mn-O vibrations of MnO2 NPs
20
Manganese acetate
XRD - Analysis
• The band at 515 cm-1 is ascribed to the
30
Add Drop-wise under
Sonication with Ice-bath
0
30
60
90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390
Prolonged discharge : Zn + 6MnOOH → 2Mn3O4 + ZnO + 3H2O
Discharge Time - Min
Conclusion
The present investigation deals with the production of amorphous MnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by
sonochemical method. FTIR results shows that the commercial MnO2 peaks are similar with the synthesized MnO2
peaks. The amorphous structure was determined by TEM and XRD analysis. Particle size distribution shows maximum
number of 87 nm MnO2 particles are formed in the sonochemical synthesis. Improved capacity in the Discharge studies
confirm the MnO2 Electrochemical activity is 30% improved
CENTER FOR NANOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
K.S.RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY