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By Ankit Saxena
• (Formerly known as National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.),
• A Govt. of India Enterprise, was incorporated in the year 1975 with an
objective to plan, promote and organize an integrated and efficient
development of hydroelectric power in all aspects.
• Later on NHPC expanded its objects to include development of power in all
its aspects through conventional and non-conventional sources in India and
abroad.
• Mini-Ratna Category-I Enterprise of the Govt. of India with an authorized
share capital of Rs. 1,50,000 Million . With an investment base of over Rs.
3,87,180 Million Approx.
• NHPC is among the TOP TEN companies in the country in terms of
investment.
• Presently NHPC is engaged in the construction of 9 projects aggregating to
a total installed capacity of 4271 MW.
• Classification of Hydro-power plant
 Based on head
Low head plant
i.e Head < 30 m
Medium Head plant i.e Head < 250 m
High head plant
i.e Head > 250 m
 Based on type of reservoir
Storage
Run of the river with pondage
Run of the river
 Based on power generation
Base load plant
Peak load plant
• Classification of Hydro-power plant
 Based on Generation capacity
Type of scheme
Capacity
Micro Hydel Plant
< 100 KW
Mini Hydel Plant
< 2000 KW
Small Hydel Plant
< 15 MW
High Capacity Hydel Plant >15 MW
 Based on type of Turbine
Head
Type Of Turbine
18 m or less
Kaplan Turbine
18 m to 300 m
Francis Turbine
300 m and above
Pelton Turbine
DIVERSION
STUCTURE
POWER INTAKE
POWER HOUSE
POWER CHANNEL
FOREBAY
PENSTOCK
POWER HOUSE
TAIL RACE POOL
DC Excitation
TRCM
220K
11 KV
cooler
Pole
Cool
C
Water
oo
ler
Hot
water
In
Gate
Water
ROTOR
Pole
GGB
Gen Shaft
Oil
Stator Winding
Thrust Pad
HS
LUB
Tur
Shaft
G
V
T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
E
R
G
V
DT
Gate
Water
RESERVOIR
Electro-mechanical Equipments
• Turbine
• Generator
• Transformer
• Switch Gear
• Auxiliary Equipments
Dam
Surge Tank
Intake
Turbine
Tailrace
Main Inlet
Valve
Pelton
Francis
Kaplan
• The Pelton wheel is an
impulse turbine which is
among the most
efficient types of water
turbines. The Pelton
wheel extracts energy
from the impulse
(momentum) of moving
water. Nozzles direct
forceful streams of water
against a series of
spoon-shaped buckets
mounted around the
edge of a wheel.
• The Francis wheel is an
inward-flow reaction
turbine that combines
radial and axial flow
concepts. Francis
turbines are the most
common water turbine
in use today. The Francis
turbine is a reaction
turbine, which means
that the working fluid
changes pressure as it
moves through the
turbine, giving up its
energy.
• The Kaplan turbine is a
propeller-type water turbine
which has adjustable
blades. The Kaplan turbine
was an evolution of the
Francis turbine. Its invention
allowed efficient power
production in low-head
applications that was not
possible with Francis
turbines. The Kaplan turbine
is an inward flow reaction
turbine.
Rotational Energy Is Converted To
Electrical Energy By
- Generator
Potential/Kinetic Energy Of Water Is
Converted To Mechanical
Rotational Energy By
- Turbine
HYDRO GENERATOR
 Driven By Water Turbine
 Rating Up to 750 Mw
 Speed Range 100 To 1000 Rpm
TURBO ALTERNATORS
 Driven By Steam Turbine
 Rating Up to 1000 Mw
 Speed Range Upto 3000 Rpm
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Synchronous reactance
Synchronous reactance is an important parameter of synchronous rotating machine
because it affects on the machine output capacity, voltage variation and steady-state
stability.
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Short circuit ratio
It is defined as the ratio of the field ampere – turns required to produce rated voltage
on no load to the field ampere turns required to produce rated current on short circuit.
It is equal to 1/xd if there were no saturation
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Reactive capability
The reactive capability (synchronous condenser operation) is the maximum amount of
reactive KVA/MVA that the machine can generate when operating at over excited
condition at rated frequency and voltage, without exceeding the rated temperature rise.
Typical values for hydroelectric machines can be approximated by the equation :
kVAr = (1.40 – RATED POWER FACTOR) x (RATED kVA output )
Damper winding
 In order to damp out the oscillations, damper winding are used which
are housed on the pole shoes/pole faces.
 It is common practice to specify all hydroelectric machines to have low
resistance damper windings.
Ventilation & cooling mode
Basically two types of cooling are provided:
 Direct cooling – a winding mainly cooled by coolant flowing in direct
contact with the cooled part through hollow conductors, regardless of
their orientation, form an integral part of the winding inside the main
insulation.
 Indirect cooling – any winding other than a direct coole4d winding
• Excitation System
o Electro-magnetising the rotor with dc supply for building up the
voltage in the stator winding.
• Governing System
o A Governor is a device which adjusts the speed of the machine
according to frequency of the grid by matching the guide vane
opening & desired output.
o The Governing System performs this function through a combination
of Electrical, Electronics and hydraulic devices, which include speed
sensing, processing, hydraulic amplification and operation of Guide
Vane & Runner Servomotors.
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
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Connection from generator to GSU transformer
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Tap off connection for UAT & excitation transformer.
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Tap off connection for PT & sp cubicle.
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
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Generator step-up transformers
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Used for stepping up of generating voltage (MV) to high voltage (HV) for
transmission
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
Cross linked poly ethylene (XLPE) is a thermosetting compound which
has superior resistance to deformation at high temperature. XLPE
insulated cable can operate at a maximum continuous temperature of
900c.
Typical use:
• Connection between GSU transformers and GIS, and/or
• Connection between GIS and potyard equipments
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
• A totally enclosed
switchgear in which SF6
gas is used as the
insulating & arc
quenching medium.
• Advantages compared to
conventional switchgear:
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Less space requirement
High reliability
Enhanced safety
Easy maintenance
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
• Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) • Lightning spikes
• Wave trap
• Overhead conductors
• Surge arresters
• Gantry tower
Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT):
CVT acts as a normal voltage transformer for the measurement of line voltages and also
coupling capacitors for PLCC. The main purpose of the coupling capacitor is two fold:
Protection of PLCC terminals from high voltage
o Passing the HF signal with minimum attenuation
Wave traps:
o
The function of a wave trap is to confine the high frequency current to the outgoing power line
and to block Them from the impedance represented by the station equipments like
Surge arresters:
Surge arrester is a protective device for limiting surge voltages on equipment by discharging or
by-passing surge current.It prevents continued flow of follow current to ground, and is capable
of repeating these functions as specified.
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
• A direct-current system is used for the basic controls, relaying, SCADA
equipment, inverter, communication equipment, generator exciter field flashing,
alarm functions, and emergency lights.
• The system consists of a storage battery with its associated eliminator-type
chargers, providing the stored energy system required to ensure adequate and
uninterruptible power for critical power plant equipment.
• The battery and battery circuits should be properly designed, safeguarded and
maintained, and the emergency requirements should be carefully estimated to
ensure adequate battery performance during emergencies.
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
Major components:
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The control system consists
primarily of a computer-based
control system, hard-wired logic
or
programmable
logic,
indicating
and
recording
instruments, control switches,
protective relays, and similar
equipment.
The greatest part of this
equipment should be grouped at
one
location
to
facilitate
supervision and operation of the
main
generating
units,
transmission lines, and station
auxiliaries.
The grouping of these controls at
one location within the confines
of the power plant is termed
“centralized control.”
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
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Hydro turbine-generators should be protected against mechanical, electrical, hydraulic,
and thermal damage that may occur as a result of abnormal conditions in the plant or in
the utility system to which the plant is electrically connected.
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The abnormal operating conditions that may arise should be detected automatically and
corrective action taken in a timely fashion to minimize the impact.
•Relays (utilizing electrical quantities),
temperature sensors, pressure or liquid
level sensors, and mechanical contacts
operated by centrifugal force, etc., may be
utilized in the detection of abnormal
conditions.
•These devices in turn operate other
electrical and mechanical devices to
isolate the equipment from the system.
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
• A DG set is a comprehensive
system, comprising several
parts such as a diesel engine,
an alternating current (AC)
generator and controls.
• It is provided to serve as a
source of emergency power as
well as during starting of the
unit, to supply the essential Unit
Auxiliaries and Station
Auxiliaries.
• It also supplies the Emergency
Illumination System, during
blackouts and other
emergencies.
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BUS DUCT
GSU TRANSFORMERS
XLPE CABLES
GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS)
OUTDOOR POTYARD EQUIPMENTS
DC SYSTEMS
CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
DG SETS
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM