Transcript Modem

HARDWARE
Writer:-Rashedul Hasan.
Editor:-Jasim Uddin
HARDWARE
•
•
•
•
•
Hardware is the Tangible part/s of the computer.
Along with the Processor, RAM, CD-ROM and
Input & Output devices, it includes,
Motherboard
Power Supply
Graphics card
Sound card
Modem
Motherboard
• The motherboard is sometimes alternatively
known as the main board.
• A motherboard provides the electrical
connections by which the other components
of the system communicate.
• Microprocessor, main memory, External
storage, sound card, Modem etc. can attach
with the Motherboard.
Motherboard includes,
• Sockets (or slots) in which one or more
microprocessors are installed.
• Slots into which the system's main memory is
installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules
containing DRAM chips)
• A chipset which forms an interface between the
CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and
peripheral buses.
• Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM
in modern motherboards) containing the system's
BIOS
Motherboard includes,
• A clock generator which produces the system clock
signal to synchronize the various components.
• Slots for expansion cards.
• power connectors flickers, which receive electrical
power from the computer power supply and distribute
it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion
cards.
• Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic
and connectors to support commonly-used input
devices, such as PS/2 connectors for a mouse and
keyboard.
BIOS/BOOTING
• Motherboards contain some non-volatile
memory to initialize the system and load an
operating system from some external
peripheral device.
• Most modern motherboard designs use a
BIOS for booting purpose.
POST
• By booting the motherboard, the memory, circuitry, and
peripherals are tested and configured. This process is
known as a computer Power-On Self Test (POST) and may
include testing some of the following devices:
• floppy drive
• network controller
• CD-ROM drive
• DVD-ROM drive
• Hard drive
• External USB memory storage device
Ports & Classifications of Ports
A port is a connecting socket.
Classification of Ports:
• Serial Port: Used for transmitting slow data
over long distance. It acts like cars on a
one-lane highway as individual bits must
follow each other. It usually connects
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitors and modems
etc.
Port
• Parallel Port: Used for transmitting fast data
over short distance. A line connected to this
port can transmit 8 bits (1Byte)
simultaneously. It acts like cars on a eightlane highway as individual bits do not need
to follow each other.
Port
• SCSI Port: Small computer system interface
post allows data to be transmitted at a speed
32 bits at a time. It may use to connect
external hard drive, CD-ROM, Scanner etc.
• USB Port: This port are useful for
peripherals such as digital camera, pen
drive, high speed Modem, Scanner etc.
Port
• Dedicated Port: This are the ports for
special purpose. For example for connecting
keyboard, Mouse etc.
• Infrared Port: Used for Wireless connection
over a few feet. For example, wireless
keyboard, wireless mouse etc.
Expansion Vs. Upgrade
• Expansion is the way of increasing
computer’s capabilities by adding hardware.
for example, adding one more RAM.
• Upgrading means changing to newer,
usually more powerful or sophisticated
version.
for example, changing to more powerful
processor.
Expansion Bus
• ISA Bus: Industry Standard Architecture
bus is used for ordinary low-speed
transmission. It is the oldest and at 8 to 16
bits, the slowest at transmitting data.
• PCI Bus: Peripheral Component
Interconnect Bus is a higher speed Bus, and
at 32 to 64 bits wide it is four times faster
than ISA Bus. It is usually connects
graphics card, modems, sound card etc.
PCI Bus
PCI Bus
• PCI (being phased out for graphic cards but
still used for other uses). The Peripheral
Component Interconnect, or PCI
Standard, specifies a computer bus for
attaching peripheral devices to a computer
mother board. Typical PCI cards used in
PCs include: network cards, sound cards,
modems, extra ports such as USB or serial,
TV tuner cards and disk controllers.
Expansion Bus
• AGP Bus: The Accelerated Graphics Port
Bus can transmit data at even higher speeds
and was designed to support video and 3D
graphics. An AGP Bus is twice as fast as a
PCI Bus.
Power Supply
• A device that converts one form of
electrical power to another form and
voltage.
• This typically involves converting 120 or
240 volt AC power to a lower voltage DC
power to run computer.
• The on/off switch in your computer turns on
or shuts off the electricity to the power
supply.
Power Supply
Power Supply
Graphics Card
• A video card, also known as a graphics
accelerator card, display adapter, or
graphics card, is an expansion card whose
function is to generate and output images to
a display. For example AGP card.
Graphics Card
Sound card
• A sound card (also known as an audio card)
is used to transmit digital sounds through
speakers, microphone and headset.
• Sound cards usually feature a digital-toanalog converter, that converts recorded or
generated digital data into an analog format.
• The output signal is connected to an
amplifier, headphones, or external device
using standard interconnects.
Sound channels and polyphony
• An important characteristic of sound cards
is polyphony, which is more than one
distinct voice or sound playable
simultaneously and independently, and the
number of simultaneous channels.
• Sound channels may correspond to a
speaker configuration such as 2.0 (stereo),
2.1 (stereo and sub woofer), 5.1 etc.
Modem
• Modem means Modulator-Demodulator.
• Modulate: Converts digital signals to
analog form
• Demodulate: Converts analog signals back
to digital form
Use of MODEM
MODEM
because telephone lines have traditionally been analog,
we need to use modem if our computer is to send
signals over a telephone line. The modem converts the
computer’s digital signals into telephone line’s analog
signals and analog signals back into digital signals.
Modem means Modulator demodulator.
Modems are rated by their speed in moving data from
the computer to the telephone line. This speed is
measured in bits per second (bps). Standard modern
modems are rated at 28,800 bps, 33,600 bps and 56,400
bps.