Transcript embedded system

& its Case study for the
Smart Card
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An "embedded system" is any computer system or computing device that
performs a dedicated function or is designed for use with a specific
embedded software application.
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Embedded systems may use a ROM-based operating system or they
may use a disk-based system, like a PC. But an embedded system is not
usable as a commercially viable substitute for general purpose
computers or devices.
 Small scale embedded systems
 Medium scale embedded systems
 Sophisticated embedded systems
Designed with a single 8- or 16-bit
microcontroller
 Little hardware and software complexities and
involve board-level design.
 Tools for development of embedded software
 Editor, assembler and cross assembler
 integrated development environment (ISE)
 specific to the microcontroller or processor
used
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Designed with a single or few 16- or 32bit microcontrollers or DSPs or Reduced
Instruction Set Computers (RISCs).
 Employs the readily available single
purpose processors.
 Employ the readily available IPs for the
various functions—for example, for the
bus interfacing,
 Both hardware and software complexities
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Enormous hardware and software
complexities and may need scalable
processors or configurable processors and
programmable logic arrays.
 Used for cutting edge applications that
need hardware and software co-design
and components integration in the final
system
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A Smart Card is like an "electronic wallet". It is a
standard credit card-sized plastic intelligent token
within which a microchip has been embedded within
its body and which makes it 'smart'. It provides not
only memory capacity, but computational capability
as well and thus the chip is capable of processing
data.
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Smart Cards can store several hundred times more data than a conventional
card with a magnetic stripe and can be programmed to reveal only the
relevant information
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For example, it could tell a device in a store that there is sufficient balance in
an account to pay for a transaction without revealing the balance amount.
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Therefore, unlike the read-only plastic card, the processing power of Smart
Cards gives them the versatility needed to make payments, to configure
your cell phones, TVs and video players and to connect to your computers
via telephone, satellite or the Internet anytime, anywhere in the world.
Input Devices
Interfacing/Driver
Circuits
Power supply,
Reset &
Oscillatory ckt
Processor
Timers
Output Interfacing
/ Driver Circuits
System Application Specific
Circuits
Program Memory
& Data Memory
Interrupt Controller
Parallel Ports
Output Interfacing / Driver Circuits
 Embedded system has three main components:
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It has hardware ,the design shows the units in hardware of an
embedded system.
It has main application software. The application software may perform
the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
It has real time operating system that supervises the application
software and provides a mechanism to let the processor run the process
as per scheduling. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the
rules during the execution of application of software. A small scale
embedded system may not need an RTOS.
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Available system-memory
Available processor speed
The need to limit power dissipation
when running the system continuously in cycles of wait for
events, run, stop and wake up.
Small size, low weight
Many embedded computers are physically located within some larger artifact.
Non- rectangular , non- planar geometries.
Packaging and integration of digital, analog, and power circuits to reduce size.
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Safety and reliability:
In critical systems like aircraft control, even a rare failure can not be tolerated. In
such systems, safety and reliability are prime requirements.
Harsh environment:
Many embedded systems can not be provided controlled environment. They have
to work in environments like excessive heat, vibration, shock, lightning, power supply
fluctuations etc.
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Computers
Lot of computing
power and memory is
available.
In case the program
screws up, computer
can be rebooted.
Embedded systems
Small processors and
less memory is
available.
Embedded systems
can’t be reset easily.
Languages used in embedded systems programming:
Programming languages used are Assembly, C, C++, and Java
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A real-time system is one that not only produces logically correct results,
but also produces them within the right time-interval. This means that
real-time systems have safety critical characteristics and that it there will
be serious performance degradation if the real-time constraints are not
met. The results can range from the benign (e.g. lower audio quality) to
the catastrophic (e.g. crashing airplane).
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Data Acquisition
Scheduling:
System-level functions:
Resource protection:
Memory allocation:
Handling different conditions such as overloading, time out:
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Smart cards currently are used in telephone, transportation, banking,
and healthcare transactions, and soon -- thanks to developers like you -we'll begin to see them used in Internet applications. Smart cards are
already being used extensively in Japan and Europe and are gaining
popularity in the U.S. In fact, three significant events have occurred
recently in the smart card industry in this country:
ISO uses the term, Integrated Circuit Card (ICC) to include all those
devices where an integrated circuit is contained within an ISO ID1
identification card piece of plastic
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It Is more reliable than a magnetic stripe card.
Currently can store a hundred times more information than a magnetic
stripe card.
Is more difficult to tamper with than magnetic stripes.
Can be disposable or reusable.
Can perform multiple functions in a wide range of industries.
Is compatible with portable electronic devices such as phones, personal
digital assistants (PDAs), and PCs.
Is constantly evolving (after all, it incorporates a computer chip).
In all, there are five types of smart cards:
 memory cards
 processor cards
 electronic purse cards
 security cards
 Java Card
Integrated Circuit Cards come in two forms
1.Contact smart cards
2.Contactless smart cards
The connection is made when the reader contacts a small gold chip on the
front of the card.
In general however the operating power is supplied to the contactless card
electronics by an inductive loop using low frequency electronic magnetic
radiation. The communications signal may be transmitted in a similar way
or can use capacitive coupling or even an optical connection.
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These can communicate via an antenna, eliminating the need to insert
and remove the card by hand. With a contactless card, all you have to do
is get close to a receiver, and the card will begin communicating with it.
Contactless cards can be used in applications in which card
insertion/removal may be impractical or in which speed is important.
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The manufacture of a Smart Card involves a large number of processes of which the
embedding of the chip into the plastic card is key in achieving an overall quality product
The key parameters for the chip specification are as follows:
Microcontroller type (e.g. 6805,8051)
Mask ROM size
RAM size
Non volatile memory type (e.g. EPROM, EEPROM)
Non volatile memory size
Clock speed (external, and optionally internal)
Electrical parameters (voltage and current)
Communications parameters (asynchronous, synchronous, byte, block)
Reset mechanism
Sleep mode (low current standby operation)
Co-processor
Six contacts of IC are defined as follows:
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VCC Power supply
GND Ground or reference voltage
CLK Clock
VPP Programming voltage
RST Reset signal
I/O Serial Input/output
The power supply to the IC is defined to be between 4.75 volts and 5.25
volts with a maximum current consumption of 200mA.
Clock signal
The ISO standard aligns with the use of two widely used external clock
frequencies, 3.579545 MHz and 4.9152 MHz
Programming voltage VPP
This signal is designed to provide the high voltage required to enable
writing to the non volatile memory.
The reset signal
The reset signal is asserted by the interface device and is used to start up
the program contained in the IC ROM.
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The important thing about Smart Cards is that they are everyday objects that
people can carry in their pockets, yet they have the capacity to retain and protect
critical information stored in electronic form. The “smartness” of Smart Cards
comes from the integrated circuit embedded in the plastic card. Embedding
similar circuits in other everyday objects, such as key rings, watches, glasses, rings
or earrings, could perform the same electronic function.
Also, Smart Card readers will be appearing on the PC and will enable the user to
pay for goods purchased over the Internet. If you have products that have
relatively low value - for example a few pages of information about your product
that customer may pay 50c for - they may well pay you in the future using a Smart
Card also they are a relatively new technology that already affects the everyday
lives of millions of people. This is just the beginning; soon it will influence the way
we shop, see the doctor, use the telephone and even enjoy leisure!!!
Embedded system is a constantly growing field. As more and more
powerful microprocessors are becoming available in low cost, more and
more complex embedded systems are being developed. Requirements for
embedded systems include small size, low cost, real time operation, safety
and reliability.
However, to be successful future tools may well need to increase scope
even further to include life-cycle issues and business issues.
PRESENTED BY
D.VESLY ATHIPAN ROSE & M.SEVANTHI RAJAN
ECE DEPARTMENT
TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TRICHY-1