Transcript Slide 1 - Cengage

Chapter 36
Electric Vehicles
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Electric Vehicles
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied,
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
History
• Early vehicles were often electrically powered
• In 1990, CARB ruled zero emission vehicles
must be offered by 2003
• EV1 introduced in 1996
• Tesla introduced in 2008
• Nissan Leaf introduced in 2010
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Zero Emission Vehicles
• Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) use energy
stored in batteries
• BEVs have zero exhaust emissions
• Emission are generated by the production of
electricity to charge a BEV
• Lack of infrastructure to support BEVs
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Advantages
• Can charge at home
• Recharge costs can be
very low
• Ideal for short-range
commuters
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Cost
• Initial costs tend to be
higher than ICE
models
• Some federal and
state tax credits
available
• Decreased
maintenance costs
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Disadvantages
• Limited driving range
• Long recharge times
• Recharge locations
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Energy and Power
• Electric motors and
batteries are rated in
watts
• One kW equals 1.34 hp
• 746 watts equal 1 hp
• 1 kW hour is 1 kW
acting for 1 hour
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Energy and Power (Cont.)
• Traction motors are either AC or DC
• Most BEVs use AC motors
• Many fuel cell electric vehicles use DC motors
since fuel cells produce DC voltage
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Electric Motor
• In most BEVs, the electric motor drives the
differential gears
• Instant torque is available
• Peak torque available up to around 6000 rpm
• No need for a reverse gear
• Not needing a transmission saves weight
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Controller
• Controls the voltage and current to the
electric motor
• Motor speed controlled through pulse-width
modulation
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Inverter/Converter
• An inverter turns the
battery’s DC voltage
into three-phase AC
for the motor
• Often liquid cooled
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Battery Charging
• Charger may be internal
or external
• Internal may be 120 or
240-volts
• External may have high
voltages and shorter
charge times
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Nissan Leaf Onboard Charging
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Charger to Vehicle Connections
• Conductive plug
– Typically either 120- or
240 volts
– Plug design and fault
detecting per SAE
• Inductive charging
– Using magnetic
induction
– No metal-to-metal
contact
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Conductive Charging
• Physical connection
between charger and
vehicle
• Data exchanged
between both
• Different types external
chargers available
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Recharging Standards and
Regulations
• SAE J1772
• Incorporates both AC
and DC charging
• Level 1 up to 80 amps
• Level 2 up to 200 amps
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CHAdeMO Protocol
• Short for “charge and
move”
• Used for DC fast
charging
• A vehicle may have
both CHAdeMO and
SAE plugs
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Charging Precautions
• Each EV has specific charging procedures
• Three primary factors that affect recharge
time
– Battery state of charge
– Battery chemical composition
– Type of charger
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Knowledge Check
• What are two methods for recharging an EV?
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Accessories
• Most systems operate the same as a non-EV
• Power steering and brake systems require
additional electric motors to supply assist
• All electrical accessories deplete the battery
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HVAC
• Passenger compartment heating and
windshield defrosting are required
• An auxiliary heating system is necessary
• The A/C compressor uses a high-voltage
motor
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Power Brakes
• May use electric
vacuum pump to
generate vacuum for
power assist
• May use electric pump
to generate hydraulic
pressure
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Power Steering
• An electric motor is
used to provide assist
• System can be
programmed for
different amounts of
assist based on driving
conditions
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Driving a BEV
• Driving is similar to nonBEV vehicles
• Driver needs to remain
aware of range
• Turning on accessories
drains power and
reduces range
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Driving and Braking
• Can only be shifted
from power on and
brake applied
• B or R setting for regen
braking
• This puts the vehicle
into a more aggressive
MG braking mode to
recapture energy
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Ford Focus
• Has a 23 kWh Li-Ion
battery pack
• 107 kW motor
• 100 mile range
• Has onboard 6.6 kWh
Level 2 charger
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Nissan Leaf
• Has a 24 kWh Li-Ion
battery pack
• 80 kW motor
• EPA rated for 73 miles
• Includes a Level 1
charger
• Produces car sounds for
pedestrians
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Mitsubishi I-MIEV
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Has a 16 kWh Li-Ion battery
Water cooled 49 kW motor
Estimated driving range is 98 miles
Has three driving modes
– D for normal driving
– Eco for reduced power but increases range
– B for more aggressive regenerative braking
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Tesla
• An independent
manufacturer
• First vehicle was the
Roadster
• Currently producing the
Model S
• Building charging
stations in different
parts of the U.S
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Honda Fit EV
• Has a 20 kWh Li-Ion
battery pack
• Includes a 6.6 kWh
Level 2 onboard charger
• Braking almost entirely
regenerative
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Other Possibilities
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Audi e-tron
Mini E
BMW ActiveE
Toyota RAV4 EV
Smart ED
Chevy Spark EV
Subaru R1e Electric Car
Hyundai EV
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Basic Diagnosis
• Each manufacturer have
unique and complex
electronics
• Follow the
manufacturer’s
checklists
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Precautions
• Remember the highvoltage system
• Follow all manufacturers
service precautions and
guidelines
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Reduced Range
• Check for same types of issues that can affect
fuel economy
– Correct tire size and pressure
– Extra weight in cargo areas
– Make sure the brakes are functioning properly
– Inspect the underside of the vehicle
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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
• FCEVs have electric motors
• A fuel cell generates electricity for the motor
and/or battery
• May use hydrogen or other fuel as the energy
source
• Pure water and heat are the only emissions
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Honda’s FCX Clarity
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The Practicality of FCEVs
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Lack of hydrogen infrastructure
High storage pressures
Fuel cell cost
Too quiet
Advanced electronics
Cold temperatures can damage a fuel cell
Heat must be carefully controlled
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In-Vehicle Storage
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In-Vehicle Storage (Cont.)
• Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid or
compressed gas
• Liquid storage requires very cold temps
• Compressed gas storage requires very high
pressures
• Both types add cost and weight to the vehicle
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Reformers
• A reformer extracts hydrogen from another
source
• Reforming produces unwanted emissions
• Reformers are expensive
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Fuel Cells
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Fuel Cells (Cont.)
• Produces electricity
electrochemically
• Each cell produces very
low voltage
• Cells are stacked to
increase voltage
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Fuel Cells
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FCEV Configurations
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Controls
• Motor control is similar
to that used in HEVs
• FCEVs use a DC-DC
converter to reduce
high-voltage
• No inverter needed
unless traction motor
uses AC
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Temperature Concerns
• Cold fuel cells need time to warm up to be
used
• Freezing temperatures can damage a fuel cell
• All water must be removed after the fuel cell
is shut down
• Excessive heat must be controlled and
removed
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Knowledge Check
• What are two current disadvantages for
FCEVs?
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Types of Fuel Cells
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Proton exchange membrane (PEM)
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs)
Direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)
Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
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Prototype FCEVs
• Everyday use is still years away
• Several FCEVs prototypes are current on the
road
• Honda currently leases the FCX Clarity in
select markets
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Toyota FCV Concept
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Toyota FCHV Concept
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