Transcript Daley8e - William Paterson University

Computers Are
Your Future
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Computers Are Your Future
Chapter 12
Databases and Information Systems
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 2
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
What You Will Learn About
 The potential uses of a database program
 The basic components of a database
 The differences between file management and
relational database programs
 Advanced database programs and applications
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 3
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
What You Will Learn About
 The basic qualities of a good database
 Components and functions of an information system
 Functional divisions of an organization
 Major types of information systems used today
 Databases in retail organizations
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 4
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Database Concepts
Data is any unorganized text, graphics,
sounds, or videos
A database is a collection of data
Database programs enable people to add,
sort, group, summarize, and print data
Information is data that has been processed in
a meaningful and useful way
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 5
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
The Levels of Data in a Database
 The layers in a database are:
 Bits – The lowest layer made of 1s and 0s
 Characters – Letters, numbers, and symbols
 Fields – Areas that contain data identified by field names
(Examples: First Name; Address; City)
 Records – Contain a group of fields
 Data files – Contain related records
 Databases – The top layer made of one or more data files
(Example: ABC Company Address Book Mailing list, Employee
list, Vendor list)
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 6
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Data Type
 Data usually consists of text, numbers, currency, and
dates
 Logical data – Only “yes” or “no” answers are allowed
 Objects – Non-textual data
 Binary large objects (BLOBs) – Very large objects
 Default value – Pre-defined values such as today’s date
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 7
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Data Type
 One field in a record is identified as the key field
or primary key
 The key field must be a unique entry such as a
social security number or student ID
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 8
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Types of Database Programs
 File Management Programs:
 Create flat files containing one file or table
 Files can not be linked to other files
 Are easy to use and customize
 Are not as complex as database management systems
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 9
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Types of Database Programs
 Database Management Systems (DBMS):
 Contain multiple files or tables
 Are programs that enable data to be stored, modified, and
extracted from a database
 Are more difficult to learn than file management systems
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 10
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Relational Database Management Systems
 Relational database management systems are the most
widely used type of DBMS
 Data in several files are related through the use of a
common key field
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 11
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
 Data Warehousing:
 Supplements DBMSs by bringing together all data into one
huge database
 Organizes management’s decision-making process
 Uses a technique called drill-down to view performance
data of the entire company
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 12
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
 Data marts support one division of an organization rather
than an entire firm
 Data Mining:
 Is a data exploration technique
 Is used to find unknown
patterns of data
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 13
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Client/Server Database Systems
 Data server – Professionally administered program
that runs on a local area network (LAN); it responds
to requests for data
 Client – A user-friendly program that accesses the
server; users can add data, maintain records, perform
queries, and generate reports
Clients request data using a query language called
Structured Query Language (SQL)
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 14
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Client/Server Database Systems
 Query
Specially phrased question used to access specific
information
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 15
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
The Internet Connection: Going Public With Data
 Web-based integration is the latest trend in database
software
 Information is stored in databases that are available
through the Internet
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 16
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Advantages of Database Management Systems
 The areas of importance for building a quality
database are:
 Data
Dataintegrity
independence
Data
Data
Avoidance
security
is
maintenance
the validity
refers
ofisdata
the
toof
refers
how
the
 Data integrity
data.
data is stored
unavailability
to
redundancy
the
soprocedures
that it can
of
refers
data
be
forto
used
to
 Data
with different
validation
people
adding,
avoiding
types
who
defines
updating,
the
ofwould
application
repetition
acceptable
and
misuse
of
 Data independence
input
programs.
ranges
it.
deleting
data.
for each
records.
field.
 Avoidance of data redundancy
 Types of data
Datavalidation
is also protected
are: from
 Data security
 Alphabetic
loss due
check
to equipment
 Numeric
failure.
check
 Data maintenance
 Range check
 Consistency check
 Completeness check
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 17
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Information Systems: Tools for Global
Competitiveness
 An information system is designed to bring data,
computers, procedures, and people together to manage
information important to an organization’s mission
 To be valuable, information must be:
 Accessible
 Accurate
 Complete
 Economical
 Relevant
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc





Reliable
Secure
Simple
Timely
Verifiable
Slide 18
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Functional Divisions of an Organization
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 19
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)
 TPSs handle an organization’s accounting needs
 Early TPSs used batch processing systems
 Online processing consists of entering transaction
data and viewing the results immediately
 TPSs enable managers to make operational
decisions
 TPSs can produce summary and exception reports
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 20
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Management Information Systems (MISs)
 MISs are computer-based systems that support the
information needs of different levels of management
 MISs help management make informed tactical
decisions
 MISs work with transaction processing systems
 MISs inform managers if their goals are being met
 Drawbacks of MISs:
 Reports may contain unwanted information
 Information may not be available when needed
 Reams of printouts
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 21
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
 DSSs enable managers to ask questions that can’t be
answered by MIS reports
 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) enables
managers to import up-to-the-minute reports from
transaction databases
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 22
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Executive Information Systems (EISs)
 EISs are also known as executive support systems
(ESSs)
 EISs support strategic decisions made by top level
management that will affect the entire company
 EISs filter critical information so that trends are
apparent
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 23
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Types of Decisions and Information Systems
for Managers
Strategic decisions
Organizational
Pyramid
Tactical decisions
Operational decisions
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 24
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Knowledge Management Systems
 Knowledge management systems are used to
capture knowledge created by employees and make it
available when needed
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 25
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Expert Systems
 Expert systems are systems that deal with expert
knowledge in a particular area
 Expert systems:
 Help in making decisions
 Use artificial intelligence principles
 Provide technical support for customers
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 26
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Computers and Databases in the Retail Sector
 Computers and databases are used for the checkout
process and strategic purposes
 At the checkout stand:
Point of sale terminals are replacing the cash register
Optical scanners read the universal product code (UPC)
label that identifies items, their costs, and any sale prices
Credit card authorization terminals are used to process
credit card transactions by placing a call to a call center
which provides authorization numbers
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 27
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Computers and Databases in the Retail Sector
 At the checkout stand (continued):
 Check-screening systems read the check’s account
number, then compare it with delinquent accounts
 Signature capture systems capture a customer’s signature
on a pressure sensitive pad
 Photo checkout systems display a customer’s photo when
a credit card is used
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 28
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Chapter 12 Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
Database software transforms data into information
Information is data that is organized to be meaningful and
useful
A database file is made of:
Characters
Fields
Records
File management programs work with one database file
DBMSs can work with two or more database files at a time
A good database system contains:
Data integrity
Data independence
Data redundancy avoidance measures
Data security
Data maintenance procedures
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 29
Computers Are Your Future Chapter 12
Chapter 12 Summary continued
• A computer information system provides essential services to an
organization
• Information systems include:
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Management information systems (MIS)
Decision support systems (DSS)
Executive information systems (EIS)
Knowledge management systems (KMS)
Expert systems (ES)
• Computers and databases provide an indispensable resource for
the retail sector
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc
Slide 30