Transcript Performance tests for electronic equipment_Mr ZALPYSx

Aleksas Žalpys
Chief State Inspector
Products Control Department
STATE NON FOOD PRODUCTS
INSPECTORATE
UNDER THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY OF THE
REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA
Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated
passive electrical components and interconnection technologies. Commonly,
electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active
semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as
an electronic circuit.
The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron
flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and electronics is widely used
in information processing, telecommunication, and signal processing. The ability of
electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible.
Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging
technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete
circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working
system.
Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical science and
technology, which deal with the generation, distribution, switching, storage, and
conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using wires, motors,
generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors, and other passive
components. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De
Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and
audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this field was
called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and
theory of radio transmitters, receivers, and vacuum tubes.
Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron
control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a
branch of solid-state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic
circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article
focuses on engineering aspects of electronics.
Analog circuits
Hitachi J100 adjustable frequency drive chassis
Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from
combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous
range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.
The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a
'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing
thousands of components.
Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear
effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples
of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational
amplifiers and oscillators.
One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog
circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve
performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than
analog or digital.
Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as
they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the
comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of
two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can
take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of
output. In fact, many digital circuits are actually implemented as variations of
analog circuits similar to this example—after all, all aspects of the real physical
world are essentially analog, so digital effects are only realized by constraining
analog behavior.
Digital circuits
Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels.
Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra,
and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital
circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital
circuits. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled
"0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while
logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse
definition ("0" is "High") or are current based. Quite often the logic designer may
reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next as he sees fit to facilitate his
design. The definition of the levels as "0" or "1" is arbitrary.
REGULATION (EC) No 106/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 January 2008 on a Community energyefficiency labelling programme for office equipment (recast version)
This Regulation establishes the rules for the Community energy-efficiency
labelling programme for office equipment (hereinafter referred to as the Energy
Star programme) as defined in the Agreement.
COUNCIL DECISION
on the conclusion of the Agreement between the Government of the United
States of America and the European Union on the coordination of energyefficiency labelling programmes for office equipment
As required by the negotiating directives provided by the Council to the
Commission, Article VI of the new agreement makes it possible for manufacturers
to self-certify their products in the EU. Under the new agreement there will thus be
two separate product-registration systems: self-certification in the EU and thirdparty certification in the US.
Construction methods
Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years.
For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components
attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood
construction and wire wraps were other methods used. Most modern day
electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as FR4, or the
cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (SRBP, also known
as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) - characterised by its light yellow-tobrown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics
assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products
destined to the European Union, with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances
Directive (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive (WEEE), which went into force in July 2006.
EU regulation Nr. 1275/2008
a) Power consumption in off mode :
• equipment in any off mode condition power consumption shall not exceed
1,00 W;
b) Power consumption in standby mode :
• equipment in any condition providing only a reactivation function, or only a
reactivation function and information of enabled reactivation function display,
power consumption shall not exceed 1,00 W;
• equipment in any condition providing only information or status display, or
only a reactivation function and information or status display, also a
combination of electric energy consumption shall be no more than 2,00 W;
c) off and (or) standby mode equipment if it is inappropriate for its intended use,
provide off mode and (or) of standby mode and (or) any other condition which
does not exceed the off-and (or) the standby power consumption
requirements, when the equipment is connected to the mains power source.
EN 60065 is dealing with safety for Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus.
The standard is harmonized according to RTTED (1999/5/EC), LVD (2006/95/EC)
and GPSD (2001/95/EC) directives. Audio/Video products in scope of RTTED or
LVD directives shall comply to the standard in able to mark these with CE. The
product shall be assessed against the standard to enable to minimize financial risks
because the products might be ordered sales ban if not in compliance. Furthermore
a financial risk of penalties imposed by European authorities must affect the
company marketed a product that does not comply with statutory requirements.
Additional requirements of EN 60065:2002+A1+A11+A2+A12 which might affect
compliance of products previously evaluated to EN 60065:2002+A1+A11:
5.1 For power measurements of TVs, the following settings shall apply:
• the ‘three vertical bar signal’ of EN 60107-1:1997 shall be used;
• picture controls shall be adjusted to obtain the maximum power consumption;
• sound settings shall be as defined in 4.2.4 a) of EN 60065.
5.3, 9.2 For apparatus with removable loudspeaker grille, cautionary marking may
be applied.
6.2 For apparatus emits laser radiation, measurement is referenced to EN 608251:2007.
9.1.6 For mains-powered apparatus with mains plug, discharge test shall be made
with an instrument having an input impedance of 100 MΩ in parallel with an input
capacitance of ≦25 pF.
12.1.3 For apparatuses with dangerous moving parts inside, impact hammer test
may be applied.
12.1.4 For portable apparatus with dangerous moving parts inside, drop test may be
applied.
12.1.5 For apparatus with thermoplastic enclosure and with dangerous moving
parts inside, stress relief test may be applied.
13.3.3 When apparatus with working voltage above 1400 Vpk or 1000 Vrms., a
reduced minimum clearance may be applied provided that certain criteria are met.
13.6 For apparatus with joint insulation inside transformers, magnetic couplers and
similar devices, an additional voltage shall be applied during the thermal cycling
condition.
18.1 For apparatus with protective films attached to the faceplate of the picture
tube as part of the implosion protection system, the protective firms shall be
covered on all edges by the enclosure of the apparatus.
Zx.1 For personal music player with an analogue electrical output socket, and
earphones or headphones intended to be used with personal music players, specific
electrical output and/or acoustic output limits apply. For equipment intended for
use by young children, the limits of EN 71-1 apply.
Zx.2 and Zx. 3 Except for equipment where either the acoustic output is ≦85 dBA
or the electrical output is ≦27 mV, equipment shall:
protect the user from unintentional acoustic outputs exceeding those mentioned
above;
have a standard acoustic output level not exceeding those mentioned above,
automatically return to an output level not exceeding those mentioned above when
the power is switched off;
provide a means to actively inform the user of the increased sound pressure when
the equipment is operated with an acoustic output exceeding those mentioned
above. Any means used shall be acknowledged by the user before activating a
mode of operation which allows for an acoustic output exceeding those mentioned
above. The acknowledgement does not need to be repeated more than once every
20 h of cumulative listening time either the acoustic output ≤ 100 dBA or the
electrical output ≤ 150 mV.
QUESTIONS ?