Transcript PE0139 SlideShow.ppsx - AIKTC Institutional Repository!

ECO FRIENDLY RAILWAY STATION
BY
BHUSHAN ANIL (12EE37)
SHAIKH ZAID (12EE57)
SIDDIQUI SHAHID (12EE60)
USMANI MOHD AHMED (12EE62)
INTRODUCTION
The exponential growth of the "alternative energy” shows great promise in
industry for last few years.
Energy provided by fossil fuels like petroleum,natural gas,coal,etc are exhaustible.But
the power of our future success lies elsewhere.
Wind, of course is a viable option,but Solar indeed,will also play a important part.
Another method of electricity production is Tidal and Geothermal but have limitations.
The best option out of all is piezoelectric energy harvesting.
The Eco-Friendly Railway project consist of three applications:Piezo electricity
Solar energy
Wind energy
PIEZOELECTRICITY
What is piezoelectricity.
Piezoelectricity is the appearance of an electrical potential across the sides of a crystal
when you subject it to mechanical stress. The voltage rating of piezoplate is 6V and
current rating of 2.5mA.
Squeeze certain crystals(such as quartz) and you can make electricity flow through
them.The reverse is usually true as well.
In practice, the crystal becomes a kind of tiny battery with a positive charge on one
face and a negative charge on the opposite face; current flows if we connect the two
faces together to make a circuit.
In the reverse piezoelectric effect, a crystal becomes mechanically stressed (deformed
in shape) when a voltage is applied across its opposite faces.
SLIDEWALK POWERGENERATOR
What Is It?
So generally Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting is based upon the piezoelectric
effect.
The essence of the piezoelectric effect works as follows: by applying a
mechanical stress to a crystal, one can generate a voltage or potential energy
difference, and thus a current.
Also by applying a current to a piezoelectric one can stress or strain the
material.
Light from Piezoelectric Plate
SOLAR POWER
How Solar Panels Work
There are two main types of solar panels 1) solar electric panels and 2) solar water
heating panels. Right now, let's talk about solar photovoltaic,
which provide electricity. The solar panel used is of 6V,5W.
How PV Panels Work
PV panels collect energy from the sun and
convert it into electricity. PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity.
A PV cell is made of a semiconductor material, usually crystalline silicon, which
absorbs sunlight.
 You've seen PV cells at work in simple mechanisms like watches and calculators.
More complex PV systems produce solar electricity for houses and the utility grid.
PV cells are typically combined into modules, or panels, containing about 40 cells.
Roughly ten modules constitute a PV array, or grouping of panels. Each Solar cell
having a 5Volt.
WIND
Large wind farms consist of hundreds of Wind power is the conversion of wind energy
into a useful form of energy.
 Using wind turbine such energy can be used to make electrical power, windmills for
mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships,
individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network.
India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
 In 2010, wind power accounted for 6% of India's total installed power capacity, and
1.6% of the country's power output
.Dynamo used is having a rating of 6V and rotating speed is 500rpm.
WORKING OF CIRCUIT
Working Principle of Wind Mills
A wind turbine is a machine that coverts wind energy into electricity.
The generators are connected to battery charging circuits and finally to large utility
grids.
It is basically the conversion of the wind energy
into the mechanical energy of the turbine and then
finally to electricity.
They can however be used along with conventional
generators in a large grid and can reduce the loads
of these generators when they are generating.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Eco Friendly Railway System
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circiut Diagram
FABRICATION OF PCB
P.C.B. MAKING
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P.C.B. is printed circuit board which is of insulating base with layer of thin copperfoil.
The circuit diagram is then drawn on the P. C. B. with permanent marker and then it
is dipped in the solution of ferric chloride so that unwanted copper is removed from
the P.C.B., thus leaving components interconnection on the board.
The resistance of copper foil will have an affect on the circuit operation.
Base material is made of lamination layer of suitable insulating material such as
treated paper, fabric; or glass fibers and binding them with resin. Most commonly
used base materials are formed paper bonded with epoxy resin.
Thickness is the important factor in determining mechanical strength particularly
when the commonly used base material is “Formea” from paper assembly.
Physical properties should be self supporting these are surface resistivity, heat
dissipation, dielectric, constant, dielectric strength.
FABRICATION OF PCB
DESIGNING THE LAYOUT
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While designing a layout, it must be noted that size of the board should be as small as possible.
Before starting, all components should be placed properly so that an accurate measurement of
space can be made.
The component should not be mounted very close to each other or far away from one another.
The layout is first drawn on paper then traced on copper plate which is finalized with the pen or
permanent marker which is efficient and clean with etching.
The resistivity also depends on the purity of copper.
The most difficult part of making an original printed circuit is the conversion from, theoretical
circuit diagram into wiring layout. without introducing cross over and undesirable effect.
Although it is difficult operation, it provides greatest amount of satisfaction because it is carried
out with more care and skill.
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The board used for project has copper foil thickness in the range of 25 40 75 microns.
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The soldering quality requires 99.99% efficiency.
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It is necessary to design copper path extra large.
FABRICATION OF PCB
SOLDERING
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For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove
oxide film or dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.
Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied
should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly.
The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly
over the joint.
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When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed.
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The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement.
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The bright shining solder indicates good soldering.
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In case of dry solder joint, a air gap remains in between the solder maternal and the
joint. It means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is
done.
Thus is this way all the components are soldered on P. C. B
ADVANTAGES
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Using fibre optic lightning we save so much power which use for lightning in day
time. The use of thin flexible thin fibre of glass or others transparent solids to
transmit light signals chiefly for telecommunications or for internal inspection of the
body.
In this project we use Nonconventional materials so system is become eco friendly.
This system is not producing any kind of chemical waste material.
Windmill doesn’t produce any poisonous gases smoke etc as it doesn’t involve any
burning process so it is clean.
Windmills have very low maintenance costs as compared to those of other power
generation plants.
In long term there can be high return on investment due to amount of free energy a
solar panel can produce it is estimated that the average house hold will see 50% of
their energy coming in from solar panels.
Useful for maintaining high frequency railway traffic
DISADVANTAGES
System initialize implementation cost will be high.
Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at
night. The batteries can often be large and heavy taking up space and needing to be
replaced from time to time.
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Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight, this
could be limited by a countries climate.
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At rainy season will affect to fibre optic lightning and Solar panel.
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False signal reception due to noise.
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Fails when track coupling coil is damaged.
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The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability
factor.In many areas the winds strength is not enough to support a wind turbine.
Wind turbine generally produce less electricity then the average fossil fuelled power
stations which means that multiple wind turbine are needed to make an impact.
APPLICATIONS
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Mainly use for underground Railway stations.
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Bus Stop, Metro Train, Monorail etc.
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This system also we can use for School, college, Government offices, shopping
malls, Theatres, office building, Restaurants, hotels even at Temples.
Need to consider use and benefits in multiple environments and oriented these to an
eco-friendly goal
- charging the business model
- recycling devices and components
- manufacture using eco-friendly materials
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Proximity to railway station and bus stops.
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Strong financial credibility with financial institution.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books and Articles
Basic Electronics – B. Ram.
 Digital Electronics – R.P. Jain.
 Papers from railway office related to signal interlocking and AWS.
 Article on AWS from Indian railways fan club.
Websites
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.siemens.co.in
www.redcircuits.com
www.alldatasheet.com
THANK YOU