Transcript **** 1 - Minho Shin`s Homepage

Smart Grid
2012. 3. 6
Grad-V2G class
Minho Shin
Power Grid
Power Grid
• interconnected network for delivering
electricity from suppliers to consumer
s.
• Consists of
– Electricity generation (power plant)
– Electricity transmission (lines, substation
s)
– Electricity distribution (transformer, subs
tations)
Power Grid in U.S.A
New trends in power grid
• Distributed generation
– Solar, Wind
– Anyone can generate electricity, and sell it
• Demand Response
– Customers adjust electricity consumption based on th
e price or needs
• Decentralization of power system
– Microgrid
Transition to Smart Grid
• PG: carry power from a few generators to
many customers
• SG: two-way flows of electricity & informati
on between utility and customers
• Three focuses
– Infrastructure
– Management system
– Protection system
Transition to Smart Grid
• Infrastructure
– advanced generation/delivery/consumption
– advanced metering/monitoring/management
– advanced communication
– analog to digital: biggest challenge ever of po
wer industry
Transition to Smart Grid
• Management system
– management and control of smart grid
– aims for energy efficiency, cost efficiency, emi
ssion
– by optimization, machine learning, game theor
y
Transition to Smart Grid
• Protection system
– Smart grid: better mechanism against power f
ailure, but opens new vulnerabilities
– System reliability
– Failure protection
– Security
– Privacy
What is a Smart Grid?
Like blinded men with an elephant.
Various perspectives on a
Smart Grid
Quelle: E-Energy Jahreskongress 2009,
Prof. Gunter Dueck
Smart Grid Vision
• Smart Grid??
– Modernization of the electricity delivery system
– Monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its
interconnected elements
– Two-way flow of electricity and information to create an automated, widely
distributed energy delivery network
-
Electrical Infrastructure
-
Information Infrastructure
Smart Grid Vision
• Today’s power system
Smart Grid Vision
• Future’s Power System
Smart Grid Vision
• Why … Smart Grid?
Smart Grid Vision
• Smart Grid Benefits
– Power reliability and power quality
• “cleaner” power, self-healing power systems through the use of
automated control and autonomous system
– Safety and cyber security
• Monitors itself to detect unsafe or insecure situations
• Protects privacy of all users and customers
– Energy efficiency benefits
• Reduce CO2 and other pollutants
• Supports renewable energy sources
– Direct financial benefits
• Customers have pricing choice and access to energy information
• Entrepreneurs accelerate technology introduction into the generation,
distribution and storage.
Smart Grid Vision
• Smart Grid Characteristics
– Enable active participation by consumers
– Accommodate all generation and storage options
– Enable new products, services, and markets
– Provide power quality for the digital economy
– Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently
– Anticipate and respond to system disturbances(Self-heal)
– Operate resiliently to attack and natural disaster
Smart Grid Vision
• Smart Grid challenges
– Procedural challenges
• Need to understand and address the requirements of all
stakeholders
• Supports gradual transition and long coexistence of diverse
technologies
• Standards are built on the consensus of many stakeholders
– Technical challenges
• Smart equipment like RTUs(remote terminal units),
IEDs(intelligent electronic devices) inside homes, buildings
and industrial facilities
• Developing communication protocols
• Protection of privacy
Smart Grid Vision
• Requirements of power system management
Smart Grid Vision
• Smart Grid interoperability standards governance
– The large number of stakeholders, different considerations,
number and complexity of standards available(and missing)
requires a more formal nationally-driven governance structure
– Since Smart Grid efforts are underway, and in some cases
complete, standards adoption must consider work already
completed and underway
– Interoperability discussions and definitions should be
expanded to focus on standards across systems(inter-system)
rather than just within systems(intra-system)
Conceptual Model
• Conceptual Model
– Basis for discussing the characteristics, uses, behavior, interfaces,
requirements, standards of the Smart Grid
– To provide a framework for discussing both the existing power
system and the evolving Smart Grid
• Domains in the Smart Grid Conceptual Model
– Customer
– Market
– Service provider
– Operation
– Bulk generation
– Transmission
– Distribution
Conceptual Model
• Examining the Model in Detail
Transmission
Conceptual Model
• A Smart Grid use case represented by a path through the
conceptual model
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Conceptual Model
• The conceptual model consists of several domains, each of which
contains many applications and actors that are connected by
associations, which have interfaces at each end
– Actors : devices, computer systems or software programs
– Applications : tasks performed by the actors within the
domains
– Domains : group actors to discover the commonalities that will
define the interfaces
– Associations : logical connections between actors
– Interfaces : electrical connections or communications
connections
Customer Domain
• Enable customers to manage their energy usage and generation.
• Provide control and information flow between the customer and
the other domains.
• Communicates with the Distribution, Operations, Market and
Service Provider domains
Customer Domain
Customer Domain
Market Domain
• Exchanges price and balance supply and demand.
• Communications for Market interactions must be reliable, traceable,
auditable.
• They must support e-commerce standards.
• Extension of price and DER signals to each of the Customer subdomains
• Simplification of market rules
• Expanding the capabilities of aggregators
• Interoperability across all providers and consumers of market
information
Market Domain
Market Domain
Service Provider Domain
• Perform services to support the business processes of power
system producers, distributors and customers.
• Share interfaces with the Market, Operations and Customer
domains.
• Create new and innovative services and products.
• The priority challenge is to develop the key interfaces and
standards that will enable a dynamic market-driven ecosystem.
Service Provider Domain
Service Provider Domain
Operations Domain
• Be responsible for the smooth operation of the power system.
• The majority of these functions are the responsibility of a
regulated utility.
• Smart Grid will enable more of them to be outsourced to service
providers
• Applications are derived from the IEC 61968-1 Interface Reference
Model(IRM) for this domain
Operations Domain
Operations Domain
Bulk Generation Domain
• The first processes in the delivery of electricity to customers.
• From chemical combustion to nuclear fission, flowing water, wind,
solar radiation and geothermal heat.
• Be electrically connected to the Transmission domains
• Shares Interfaces with the Operations, Markets and Transmission
domains.
• New requirements
– Green house gas emissions controls
– Increases in renewable energy sources
– Provision of storage to manage the variability of renewable
generation.
Bulk Generation Domain
Transmission Domain
• Typically operated by a Regional Transmission Operator or
Independent System Operator(RTO/ISO)
• Transmission Domain includes remote terminal units, substation
meters, protection relays, power quality monitors, phasor
measurement units, sag monitors, fault recorders and substation
user interfaces.
• Monitored and controlled through a Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition(SCADA)
Transmission Domain
Distribution Domain
• Variety of structures, including radial, looped or meshed.
• Communicate more closely with the Operations domain in realtime
to manage the power flows associated with a more dynamic
Markets domain
• Capacitor banks, sectionalizers, reclosers, protection relays,
storage devices and distributed generators.
Distribution Domain
Bulk Generation, Transmission and
Distribution Domain
Bulk Generation, Transmission and
Distribution Domain
Application and Requirements
• Requirements for the implementation of Smart Grid
– Wide-Area Situational Awareness (WASA)
– Demand Response
– Electric Storage
– Electric Transportation
– AMI Systems
– Distribution Grid Management
Wide-Area Situational Awareness
• Wide-Area Situational Awareness
– Monitoring of the power system across
wide geographic areas
– Modern power systems are extremely
large and complex physical objects to
control
– Power system is interconnected and
have strong relationships
– Significant advances of active
components in the customer systems
(DER, PEV) will significantly impact the
transmission system
Wide-Area Situational Awareness
• Use Cases (The requirements needed and applications)
– Contingency Analysis
– Inter-Area Oscillation Damping
• Inter-area oscillations can be detected through the analysis of phasor
measurement units (PMU) located around the system
– Wide Area Control System for Self Healing Grid Applications
• Evaluate power system behavior in real-time
• Prepare the system for withstanding possible combinations of
contingencies and restore normal operating conditions when a contingency
arises
– Voltage Security
• Designed to detect severe low voltage conditions based on phasor
measurements of Power and Voltage and initiate corrective action such as
load shed
– Monitoring Distribution Operations as a Part of WASA
– Voltage, Var, and Watt Control
Demand Response
• Demand Response
– A temporary change in electricity
consumption in response to market
or power system conditions
– Manage customer consumption of
electricity in response to supply
Conditions
- Ex. Making electric customers
reduce their consumption at critical
times
Demand Response
• Opportunities
– Engage the consumer by allowing market participation and
consumption/billing choices
– Control peak power conditions and limit or remove
brownout/blackout instances
– Flatten consumption curves and shift consumption times
• Why it is required
– To reduce burden on the electric grid during stressed conditions
– Shift consumption of load to time periods when the market price is
cheaper
– Flatten consumption curves for a more reliable operation of the grid
– Better allocation of generation resources: minimizing the utilization of
expensive fuel
Demand Response
• Example
Demand Response
• Effects of Scheduling Power Consumption
– Reduction in total usage of power- increase power efficiency
and appropriate allotment of energy resources
– Reduction of installation investments in the generation
transmission and distribution section of the grid
Demand Response
• Use Cases
– Direct Load Control
– Demand Response Management System Manages Demand in
Response to Pricing Signal
– Customer Reduces Their Usage in Response to Pricing or Voluntary
Load Reduction Events
– External Clients Use the AMI to Interact With Devices at Customer
Site
– Customer Uses an Energy Management System or In-Home Display
– Utility procures energy and settles wholesale transactions
– Dynamic Pricing- Energy Service Provider Energy and Ancillary
Services Aggregation
– Customer Uses Smart Appliances
Electric Storage
• Electric Storage
– Storing of electricity when energy
is in surplus and discharging when in
shortage
– Concept utilized in cars and railway
systems
* Energy discharged to motor on
breaking and stored on accelerating
– Pumped storage hydroelectric
technology is the only bulk electricity
storage technology available at the
moment
– Distributed storage exists (local
storage for UPS systems)
Electric Storage
• Main purpose
– Smoothing of load curve- load leveling
– Supplying energy when required- saving the energy when not
required
Electric Storage
• Benefits of Electric Storage
– Reduce the investment costs required to provide energy for peak
demand
– Make low duty cycle alternative energy sources viable
* Store the energy from solar energy and other renewable energy
for later use
– Improve the stability of the system- prevent blackouts
• Storage functionalities
– Generation level- frequency control, spinning reserve, demand
leveling
– Transmission level- stability, power quality, reliability
– Substation/Distribution- peak shaving, voltage support, power quality,
reduction in capacity investment
– End-use level- demand control, interruption protection, voltage
support and power quality
Electric Storage
• Use Cases
– Energy Storage Owners Store Energy from the Power System
• Energy is stored when electricity prices are at its lowest cost
– Energy Storage Owners Discharge Energy into the Power System
• Discharge energy when price rates are high or to improve the
reliability, efficiency or power quality
– Building Energy Usage Optimization using Energy Storage
• Optimize building energy usage according to real-time time pricing
signals
– Utility Dispatches Electric Storage to Support Intentional Islanding
– Electric Storage Used to Provide Fast Voltage Sag Correction
– Impact on Distribution Operations of Plug-in Vehicles as Electric
Storage
Electric Transportation
• Electric Transportation
– Utilization of vehicles in the efficient operation of the power grid
– Vehicle-to-grid concept:
• Flow of Power from vehicle to grid
– The vehicle when connected to the grid acts as a generator during peak load
conditions and a load (charging) in night when the prices are low
– Another method of energy storage
Electric Transportation
• Benefits
–
–
–
–
–
Significantly reduce dependency on oil
Increase the use of renewable sources of energy
Dramatically reduce carbon footprint
Backup for wind/solar power
Provide energy for peak load- act as spinning reserves
Electric Transportation
• Load Curve change with Implementation of V2G (Vehicle to- Grid)
BEFORE V2G
AFTER V2G
Electric Transportation
• Barriers
– Current Grid cannot support mass deployment of PEVs
– Introduction of millions of mobile electricity charging and
discharging devices
– Charging time and durability is still a main issue
• Two major scenarios
– PEV will add significantly to the load that the power system will
have to serve
• If no regulation, coordination, and/or incentives are included,
PEV would significantly increase the cost of peak power
– PEV will help balance on- and off- peak loads through shifting
when they are charged or discharged
• Also improve energy efficiency and power quality
Electric Transportation
• Use Cases
– Customer Does Not Enroll in Any PEV-Specific Program
• Although possibly aware of incentives in PEV-specific
programs or that charging PEVs may have varying pricing
during different time periods, due to lack of knowledge some
customers may choose not to participate
• Requirements of smart meters and communications
infrastructure
– Utility/Energy Service Provider Develops Different Tariffs and
Service Programs
– PEV Charges After Customer Establishes Charging Parameters
– Impact of PEV as Load on Distribution Operations
• Distribution operations will need to access all available
sources of information on when, where, and how fast the
PEVs are charging
AMI Systems
• Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI)
– Refer to systems that measure,
collect and analyze energy usage
from smart meters
– Provide two-way communications
to exchange information with
customer devices and systems
– Provide real-time information of
the present load conditions (how
much load is connected to the
grid) and aid demand response
– Provide the interface for the
smart grid applications and other
enabling technologies
AMI Systems
AMI Systems
AMI Systems
SMART HOME
AMI Systems
AMI Systems
• Use Cases
– External Clients Use AMI System to Interact with Devices at
Customer Site
• Third-party monitoring and control capabilities may provide
customers with increased options for programs and services
that cannot be provided by the utility
– Demand Response Management System Manages Demand
Through Direct Control
– Building Automation Software/System Optimization Using
Electric Storage
– Outage Detection and Restoration Using AMI
• AMI system should provide capabilities to detect and map
outages to the customer portion of the power grid
Smart Meter
• U.S.
– Enhancement of Energy Efficiency using Customer
Participation
• AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
– The Supply of Smart Meter in U.S.
• Currently, 4.5%
• 40M of Smart Meters in the future
– Google, GE
• Development of Power Meter for supply to Customers
– GE, Cisco
• Constructing Smart Grid Systems in Miami, Florida
• Supplying Smart Meters to 15,000 homes
• Europe
– Supplying Smart Meters to 6% of residents
• 30~40% in the future
Cyber Security Considerations for
the Smart Grid
• Understanding the risk
– In the past, the energy sector was focused on managing the
energy sector infrastructure
• Now, information technology and telecommunications
infrastructures are also more involved
– The management and protection of systems and components
of these infrastructures must also be addressed
– Cyber security is a critical issue due to the increasing potential
of cyber attacks and incidents as it becomes more nterconnected
– Cyber security must address not only deliberate attacks but
also inadvertent compromises of the information infrastructure
due to user errors, equipment failures and natural disasters
Cyber Security Considerations for
the Smart Grid
• Additional risks to the grid
– Increasing the complexity of the grid that could introduce
vulnerabilities and increase exposure to potential attackers
and unintentional errors
– Interconnected networks can introduce common vulnerabilities
– Increasing vulnerabilities to communication disruptions and
introduction of malicious software that could result in denial
of service or compromise the integrity of software and
systems
– Increased number of entry points and paths for potential
adversaries to exploit
– Potential for compromise of data confidentiality, include the
breach of customer privacy
Cyber Security Considerations for
the Smart Grid
• Smart Grid Cyber Security Strategy
– IT and telecommunication sectors have existing cyber security
standards to address vulnerabilities and assessment programs to
identify known vulnerabilities in these systems
– Requirement of the assessment and selection of these preexisting standards
The tasks for this Smart Grid phase include:
– Selection of use cases with cyber security considerations
– Performance of a risk assessment of the Smart Grid, including
assessing vulnerabilities, threats and impacts
– Development of a security architecture linked to the Smart Grid
conceptual architecture
– Identification of cyber security requirements and risk mitigation
measures to provide adequate protection
6. Prioritized Actions
6. Prioritized Actions
6. Prioritized Actions
6. Prioritized Actions
6. Prioritized Actions
6. Prioritized Actions
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
Standards
• Additional standards mentioned during the comment period
Standards
Standards
• Standards identified by NIST
Standards
• Additional standards for further review
Conclusion
• Smart Grid will provide a two-way flow of electricity and
information for a more effective operation of the modern
power grid
• Enable the introduction of more renewable energy and
PHEVs and respond to system changes more effectively by
utilizing the following enabling technologies:
– Wide area situational awareness
– Demand response
– Electricity storage
– Electric vehicles
– AMI systems
Drivers of Smart Grid
• Increasing demand:
• High Aggregate Technical & Non Technical, Losses:18%-62%
• Ageing assets…transformers, feeders etc.,
• Grid to carry more power: Need for, Reliability and greater Security
• Billing and collections: Profitability of distribution companies
• Energy mix: Need for Renewable to reduce carbon footprint
Implementation leads to …..
•
•
•
•
•
Deliver sustainable energy
Increased efficiency
Empower consumers
Improve reliability
Smart Grid
New Technologies for…..
• Energy Storage to support a Resilient Smart Grid
(Comparing & evaluating cost competitiveness of:
Compressed air, pumped hydro, ultra capacitors, flywheels,
battery tech, fuel cells.)
• Smart Grid & Electric Vehicle Integration
(How can electric Vehicle optimize the use of renewable
energy resources, improve efficiency)
인증
• 적합성 검사 (Conformance Testing)
–
–
–
–
표준 또는 기준에 대한 검사
상호운용성이 되기 위한 필요조건
시험내용은 표준에 포함되는 경우는 많음
시험절차는 표준에 없는 경우가 많음
– 시험절차를 작성하는 기관(?) 필요
– 시험기관을 지정하고 관리하는 기관 필요
– 시험 도구를 개발하여 시험을 시행하는 기관 필요
• 시험을 통과하면 인증
인증
• 상호운용성 검사
– 서로 간에 연동
•
표준 중에 연동이 안 되는 것이 있을까?
– 얼마나 쉽게 연동?
– 개발 어플리케이션에 따라 달라질 가능성 있음
•
연동 시나리오를 개발
– 연동이 되려는 제품 제조업체 간 노력
•
시나리오에 통과한 것을 인증하기는 어려움
SGIP T&C flow
과제 (5 – 10페이지 문서, 5페이지 ppt)
• 스마트그리드 검사 및 인증 개요
– EXISTING CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM LANDSCAPE - 대현
•
Enernex report
– BACnet ANSI ASHRAE 135-2008/ISO 16484-5 자료조사 - 성준
• 충전기/전력망간, 전기차/전력망간 상호운용성 표준 – 종필, 재명
질의응답
Hyuk Soo Jang, Ph.D.
MyongJi University
San 38-2, Namdong, Cheoin-Ku
Yongin, Kyunggi-Do, 449-728
Korea
Tel: +82-31-330-6778
E-Mail: [email protected]