Transcript Chapter 2: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

Natural Resources
Natural Resources

Used for energy or
manufacturing
materials


Renewable
Nonrenewable
Nonrenewable Resources
Do not replace themselves in 100
years
Fossil Fuels
Petroleum (oil)
Natural Gas
Coal
Ores
Rocks
Minerals
Renewable Resources
Replaces itself in 100
years

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ecological
Food and Fiber
Soil
The Sun
Water
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal Energy
Hydrogen
Petroleum
Crude Oil
How does it form?
Petroleum
How is it separated?
Fractional Distillation
Uses of Petroleum
Hydrocarbons of different sizes
 Roads, Roofs, Foundations (more than 70
Carbons per molecule)
 Fuel for cargo ships and factories
 Car greases and oils
 Diesel and Jet fuel
 Gasoline
 Chemicals (moth balls, plastics)
 Home fuels (propane, butane, ethane, methane)
(1-4 Carbons per molecule)
Natural Gas

How it forms:
Natural Gas

Mostly Methane

Also contains
Ethane
 Propane
 Butane
 Pentane


Must be separated; processed or refined
Natural Gas
Rocks that trap gas
Porosity = presence of pores that can hold
liquids and gases
Sand vs. Clay
Look, feel different?
Sand vs. Clay in a cup - are they full?
What will happen if we add water?
Where does the water go?
Natural Gas
Reservoir Rock - porous rock that gas will
seep into
Cap Rock - dense rock above reservoir rock
that keeps gas from leaking to the surface
Which cup was reservoir rock? Cap rock?
What if gas was trapped in the reservoir?
Natural Gas Formation



Biogas - Methane and Carbon Dioxide
from decaying organisms
HEAT AND PRESSURE
Must be contained by a cap rock in order
to remained trapped beneath the Earth’s
surface
Coal

Formation
Coal Formation

Stages




Peat
Lignite
Bituminous
Anthracite
Coal Extraction


Surface (Strip) Mining
Underground Mining
Minerals


Minerals are chemical elements or
compounds that have precipitated into a
solid form (crystallized)
Minerals dissolve in water and precipitate
under drier conditions
Minerals

Extraction

Minerals are removed by mining or quarries
Minerals

Examples






Copper
Graphite
Diamond
Halite
Gypsum
Talc
Minerals



Why are they not considered Fossil Fuels?
Are minerals renewable or nonrenewable?
Lab: Making Stalactites
Rocks


Rocks are solid mixtures of minerals
Rocks form by one of the following:



Weathering and erosion = Sedimentary
Volcanic activity = Igneous
Heat and Pressure = Metamorphic
The Rock Cycle
Rocks

Extraction


Rocks must be drilled out of the earth or
blown out with dynamite at a quarry
Ancient extraction methods
Problems with Quarries







Dirty
Unhealthy Air
Destroy landscapes
Heavy equipment ruins the roads
Dangerous
Renewable or Nonrenewable?
Fossil Fuel?
Rock Ores

Some rocks contain metals that must be
melted down to purify them



Iron Ore
Gold Ore
Uranium Ore
Uranium




Used in a process called fission to produce
heat
Heat can be used to generate electricity
Nuclear Power!
Is radiation safe?
Nuclear Energy

What is it?


Energy from the nucleus of atoms
Uranium - 238 = 92 protons, 146 neutrons
Discovery



1895 - Roentgen discovers Xrays
1897 - Marie Curie discovers
radioactivity
1951 - Teller invents
hydrogen bomb
How does it work?


Fission - Atoms split, causes a chain
reaction
Releases alpha, beta and gamma particles
Hazards of Radioactivity




Nuclear melt-downs
Nuclear Fall out
Radiation exposure
Cancer
Radioactive Wastes


Biological Effects
Background Radiation
Decay Rates/Half-life



Most elements have a radioactive isotope
form
Isotopes decay over time and release
alpha, beta and gamma particles
Half-life = time for half the original
material to decay
Radioactive Isotopes

Carbon-14 - Half-life 5730 years



Used in carbon-14 dating
“Iceman”
Uranium-238 - Half-life 4 billion
years
Plutonium-234 - Half-life 3
nanoseconds
Disposal

Short-term


10 years - 97% inactive
Long-term
10,000 years to become
inactive
 Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Accidents

Three Mile Island - March 28, 1979




Harrisburg, PA
Coolant system failure
Release of radioactive hydrogen into air and
river
No-one died
Accidents

Chernobyl - April 26,
1986



Kiev, Ukraine
Testing an inc. output
caused an explosion
30 workers died,
2500 deaths from fallout
Safety


Chernobyl occurred because safety rules
were ignored
All workers wear badges to measure daily
exposure
Forms of radiation

Ionizing - harmful

Measured in:
Gray - Quantity that
reaches human tissue (mGy)
 Sievert - Ability to
cause ionization (mSv)
 Rad - Radiation absorbed dose (mRad)
 Rem - Ionizing effect (mrem)


Non-ionizing - not harmful
Fusion?
No waste because they use the waste
from fission
 No fusion plants
currently used

Balancing Nuclear Equations




Alpha particles = 42He
Large mass = easily blocked
In the body = Great tissue damage
Usually does not happen = blocked by air
 22688Ra

-->
4 He
2
+
222 Rn
86
Notice: Mass and Atomic Numbers are balanced
on both sides
Balancing Nuclear Equations



Beta particles = faster & lighter
Less damage to tissues
Beta = 0-1e
 21082Pb
-->
210 Bi
83
+
0 e
-1
Balancing Nuclear Equations




Gamma particles = 00y
Gamma particles are the MOST
penetrating
But, they do the least damage to tissues
In an equation, they do not change the
identity of the element
Radon





Radon leaks from uranium containing rocks in
the earth
It can seep through the floors and foundations
of houses
Good ventilation can get radon out
Newer homes are too air-tight, Radon
concentrates
Inhaled Radon can decay and emit alpha
particles, most damaging to tissues
PA Power Plants



Coal (38)
Nuclear (5)
Hydropower (6)
5 Nuclear Power Plants in PA






Beaver Valley
Limerick
Peach Bottom
Berwick
Three Mile Island
(Penn State)
Steps for Power Plants






Burn Fuel
Heat Water
Make Steam
Turn Turbine
Generate Electricity
Cool Steam
Electricity


Travels in wires
Stepped down in voltage by transformers
Pennsylvania’s Use Videos
1.
2.
3.
4.
Coal
Chernobyl
Yucca Mountain
Hoover Dam Tour