Transcript Fuel Cells and Capacitors

Fuel Cells and Capacitors
Fatih Dogan
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO 65409
S. Chao, P. Jasinski , I. Kellogg, H-C. Park, V. Petrovsky,
A. Sarikaya, J. Shi, T. Suzuki
H. Anderson, S. Grasman, W. Huebner, M. O’Keefe, U. Koylu, S. Minteer,
T. Schuman, J. Sheffield
Missouri Energy Summit
Columbia, MO; 23 April 2009
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
Cathode:
LaSrCoFeOx
Electrolyte:
Y2O3-ZrO2
Anode:
Ni 70wt%
YSZ 30wt%
Oxidant
Fuel In
O
In
2-
Depleted
Fuel
Depleted
Oxidant
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
e
0.8
o
Ts = 606 C
0.7
Gas flow rate
900 cc min
600
450
300
0.6
0.4
-1
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Current density, Acm
J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005
1.2
-2
1.4
1.6
0.0
Power density, Wcm
Terminal voltage, V
0.6
-2
0.8
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
Cathode
Cathode Current Collector : ~ 25 um
Cathode Functional: ~ 25 um
YSZ electrolyte : ~ 15 um
Anode Functional : ~ 25 um
Anode Support : ~ 0.9 mm
Anode
I-V characteristics
Power Density
F. Dogan, CRC Press Taylor & Francis, Chapter 11, p. 203-214, (2006)
Suzuki et al. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (3), A527-531 (2005)
Early Market Applications
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Analysis:
Lessons Learned from Stationary Power Generation
(DE-FG36-07GO17107)
Backup Power/UPS
• Advantages
 Increased
Durability/Reliability
 Low Maintenance
 Long Lifetime
 Remotely Monitored
• Disadvantages
 High Initial Cost
 Customer Fears
Current Applications
Telecommunication/Radio
Towers
Grid
Sensitive
Equipment
Small
Commercial
Use
Material Handling Equipment
• Advantages
 No Degradation of
Power Over Time
 Reduced Downtime
(Rapid Refueling)
 Increased Productivity
• Disadvantages
 Retrain Workers
 New Fast Charging
Battery Technology
Current Applications
Airport
Lawnmowers
Forklifts
Gators
Trucks
Grid Independent Power
• Advantages
 Unaffected by Grid
Downtimes
 Provides Remote Power
 Increased Energy Efficiency
• Disadvantages
 Refuel Hydrogen Containers
 Higher Initial Costs
Current Applications
Bank
Lighthouse
Critical
DataLoads
Centers
Portable Power/Consumer Electronics
• Advantages
Current Applications
 Much Lighter than Batteries
and Most Generators
 Low Noise
 Military Use has Proven to be
a Catalyst for the Consumer
Market
• Disadvantages
 Moderate Lifetime
 Costly
Portable
Military
Cell
Laptops
Phones
Radios
Power
High Energy Density
Capacitors
Integrated High Energy Density Capacitors (IHEDC)
DARPA Solicitation BAA07 -21
Program Manager:
Technical Project Officer:
Sharon Beermann-Curtin, DARPA
Susan Heidger, AFRL/RDHP
High Energy Density Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Based on
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Ceramic with Silver Electrodes
PI: Fatih Dogan,
H. Anderson and K. Corzine
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
I. Burn
IBC, Inc., Hockessin, DE
A. Devoe
Presidio Components, Inc., San Diego, CA
Related research activities on dielectric
materials at Missouri S&T
• NSF Center of Dielectric Studies, an
Industry/University Cooperative Research Center
(I/UCRC), with Penn State U.
• ONR-MURI on Development of Dielectric Materials
for High Energy Density Pulsed Power Capacitors,
with Penn State and Northwestern U.
Capacitor Design
 Nano-Grain TiO2 Dielectric
- Linear (k: ~140, BDS: ~200MV/m)
- Low specific gravity (ca. 4.0)
- Sintering temperature 900 °C
 Silver Electrodes
 ca. 70 layers of Dielectric
- Dielectric layer thickness 10 m
- 5 F capacitance
 10 Capacitors Stacked Together
Breakdown strength (kV/cm)
Dielectric Breakdown Strength of TiO2 vs Grain Size
1800
1600
Nearly full density TiO2 (in air)
Nearly full density TiO2( in O2)
Porous TiO2 (in air)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Grain Size (m)
Grain Size: ~250nm
Achieving dense microstructures
with nano-sized grains ~250 nm
DARPA “Integrated High Energy Density Capacitors”
PHASE I HARDWARE
20 fully packaged single cell capacitors with the following
specifications:
• Energy (J): greater than 100
• Energy Density (J/cc): greater than 20
• Dielectric Loss (at 1 kHz): less than 0.001
• Discharge Time (µsec): less than 10
• Voltage (kV) at operating temperature: greater than 1
• Charge/Hold (hour): greater than 0.5
• Lifetime (at full rating): greater than 1000 cycles
• High Temperature Operation (degree C): greater than 200
Campus Challenge Problem Solving Competition
MNK-BAA-04-0003
Bio-Inspired Power Systems (BIPS)
Bio-Inspired Sources for Long-Lasting and
High Energy Density Power Storage with
Efficient Conversions
A Road Map Final Report Prepared for the
Air Force Research Laboratories Munitions Directorate
(AFRL/MN)
Campus Challenge
Problem Solving
Competition
6 November 2006,
AFRL, Eglin AFB, FL
Electric Organ
Discharge
(EOD) in
Electric Rays
Overall energy stored in
both lobes of an adult
Torpedo Marmorata:
~135MJ or 38kWh
http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofu
n/ray/eod.htm
Energy and Power Density
Human metabolism
Hummingbird metabolism
Electric Ray: Torpedo Marmorata;
Total stored energy in EOD: 38 kWhr (135MJ)
Power: >105 W
A Ragone plot
comparing relative
energy storage
delivery
performance for the
state-of-the-art manmade energystorage devices,
relative to the
energy-storage
performance
achieved by Mother
Nature with the
hummingbird, the
torpedo ray, and
with human
metabolism. Red
lines indicate times
for complete
discharge of stored
energy.
Biofuel Cells
Location of marines sediments collected
from Gig Harbor near Seattle, WA.
Schematic of the biofuel cell assembly showing
the electrodes configuration in marine sediment.
Wiring
Air
Cathode
Liquid
5
0.8
0.6
3
0.4
2
0.2
Power, W [mW]
Voltage, U [V]
4
Anode
Sediment
1
0
0.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Current, I [mA]
I-V characteristics & power density
Dogan et al. “Biofuel Cells”, Encyclopedia Chem. Proces. 2009
Bio-Inspired Power Systems