Transcript Airport Firefighter ARFF

Airport
Familiarization
Types of Airports
• Basically there are two
types of airports:
• Controlled-with
control towers and
traffic control
personnel
• Uncontrolled- either
staffed partially during
the day or totally
uncontrolled.
Types of Airports
• The Federal Aviation Authority,
International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) and the NFPA determine the level
of fire protection required at the airport.
• The FAA and ICAO base the airport type on
the length of the aircraft, number of
passengers and average number of flights.
• The AHJ will determine the type of ARFF
required.
Airport Traffic Patterns
• ARFF personnel must understand traffic
patterns used at airports.
• This will assist the firefighter in
determining the approach of an emergency
aircraft.
• Aircraft take-off and land into the wind.
• The components of a typical traffic pattern
are:
Airport Traffic Patterns
• Crosswind leg- Perpendicular to the
runway on the departure end
• Downwind leg- Parallel to the runway
heading to the approach end
• Base leg- Last leg, perpendicular to the
runway at the approach end.
• Final Approach- Straight into the runway
into the wind
Runway and Taxiway
Designation Systems
• Runway numbers are taken from the
compass bearing of approaching A/C
rounded to the nearest 10º.
• There will always be a difference of 180º
between opposite ends of a runway.
• Example: Runway 23 verses Runway 05
– 23 is compass heading 230º and 05 is compass
heading 050º.
Runway and Taxiway
Designation Systems
• Parallel runways are designated with L for left, R
for right, and C for center.
• Taxiways are usually designated by letters,
numbers or a combination.
• They are not standardized but are determined
locally.
• Taxiways are the roadways for aircraft movement
on the ground
Aircraft Landing View
Aircraft Radar View
Airport Lighting, Marking and
Signage Systems
• Blue Lights- outline taxiways and are
located off the edge 100’ apart.
• White Lights- Outline runways and are
200’ apart.
• Green Lights- identify approach ends of
runways and taxiway centerlines.
• Red Lights- identify hold bars or areas that
require tower clearance to cross.
Airport Lighting, Marking and
Signage Systems
• Yellow (Amber) Lights- are for the location
of hold bars
• Markings are commonly Yellow and White
and Red
• White- is used for runway identifier
numbers/letters, landing zone bars, and
centerlines.
• Red is for restricted areas such as fire lanes
or no-entry areas
Airport Lighting, Marking and
Signage Systems
• Yellow- Is used for hold bars and taxiways. Hold
bars are used like stop signs for vehicles and aircraft.
• One side is solid and the other is broken.
– When approaching from the solid side the
vehicle is required to stop until cleared to cross by
the tower.
– When approaching from the broken side the hold
bar does not apply.
Airport Lighting, Marking and
Signage Systems
• Signs come in six different types:
• Mandatory Instruction Signs- information
that you must adhere to
• Runway Hold Position Signs- Tells you
where to hold short of
• Location Signs- Tells you where you are
• Direction Signs- Tells you where you are
going
Airport Lighting, Marking and
Signage Systems
• Destination signs- The destination of the
route you are on
• Information Signs - Give pilots information
such as radio frequencies or procedures
• Runway Distance Remaining Signs- just as
it reads. In thousands of feet. A 4 would
mean 4000 ft remaining ( this is the most
important sign to a pilot)
Typical Airport Setup
09
N
A/C
Parking
JP5
CT
FD
Terminal
Airport Design
• Knowing the airport layout is essential to
the ARFF firefighter.
• The Firefighter should also know the
structures and topography of the airport
• By knowing this and using Grid Maps the
ARFF personnel will be able to select the
fastest, most appropriate route to an
emergency.
Grid Maps
• Grid maps are marked with either rectangular
coordinates or azimuth bearings.
• Whichever is used, the grid map should cover an
area from 5-15 mile radius from the Control
Tower.
• Traffic patterns and zones should be included.
• Complete Up-to-Date copies should be furnished
to tower personnel, Emergency response personnel
and all others with legitimate interest.
Grid Maps
• Features such as streams and bridges should
be on the map
• Landmarks, roads and drainage systems
should be on the map
• Other maps such as utility and fuel spill
indicator maps should also be used.
Airport Topography
• Topography means features both natural and
constructed
• Knowing topography assist the firefighter in
selecting routes to the scene of an
emergency.
• It assist is predicting fire spread at crashes
Airport Structures
• As with any firefighter , the ARFF firefighter
needs to be familiar with the structures on the
airfield
• Normally these structures are
• Terminals- occupant unfamiliar with the building,
limited egress points sometimes to aircraft
operational areas
• Jetways that connect the terminal to the aircraft
and possible flame spread
Airport Structures
• Baggage handling and storage areas are
typically loaded with baggage and a maze
for handlines
• Aircraft Maintenance Facilities have
various hazards such as flammable fuels,
welding, electrical, radar systems repair,
and other hazardous materials and
procedures going on.
Airport Structures
• Other facilities and activities are:
• Utilities- confined spaces, electrical and
high voltage hazards
• Air-Freight- stored Haz-Mat
• Control Tower- Electrical, security, limited
access and egress
• Passenger transportation- subways,
monorails elevators
Airport Structures
• Multilevel parking structures- moving
vehicles and fuel limited water supply and
limited access to fire vehicles
• Hotels, Motels, Restaurants- may be
inside, attached to the terminal or located on
the airport.
On Airport Navigation Aids
• NAVAIDS are
instruments used to
provide point-to-point
information to aircraft
• ARFF vehicles parked
in the area of the aids
may interfere with the
operation of the device
Roads and Bridges
• ARFF personnel need
to know the roads and
other access features
of the airport
• What are their
limitations
• What are the
capabilities
• Will they support
ARFF equipment
Airport Ramps
• Airport ramps tend to be the most congested
areas of the airfield. Mainly due to
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Pedestrian Traffic
Fueling Operations
Service Vehicle Movements
High voltage electrical feeds to A\C
A/C Maintenance operations
Hazardous Materials being shipped or moved
Airport Ramps
• Be observant on the ramp apron area
• Do not park behind aircraft
• Observe low vehicles such as tow vehicles
and tugs, baggage loaders, etc.
• Watch for fueling vehicles
• Watch out for FOD.
• FOD will quickly turn a multimillion dollar
aircraft into a multimillion dollar prop.
Airport Ramps
• Be careful when driving from off-pavement
to the paved areas of the airport, vehicle
wheels carry FOD onto the ramp area.
• Observe the Airport Areas. By observing
these areas the Firefighter will gain an
awareness of the happenings of the airport.
Controlled Access Points
• These areas are
designated with solid
red lines or broken
red/white lines
• They help eliminate
unnecessary traffic
from certain areas.
• Usually, there will be
security control of
these areas
Fences and Gates
• Airports require fences
to protect the aircraft
and people who fly in
them
• These fences also
hamper ARFF
response to certain
areas on or off the
airport
Fences and Gates
• Because of this, firefighters need to know
how to exit the fence-line.
• To exit the fence, use frangible gates
• These gates will breakaway easily when
struck by the ARFF vehicle
Designated Isolation Areas
• This is an area where
aircraft having
problems and carrying
hazardous cargo such
as Haz-Mat or
weapons can be
isolated from the rest
of the airport
Water Supply
• Water supply comes
fixed systems and
static supply (lakes,
streams, pools) Due to
the size of some
airports and the limits
of the water supply the
firefighter may have to
bring his own in
tenders and tankers
Fuel Storage and Distribution
• Large amounts of fuel
are used daily at
airports
• The ARFF firefighter
needs to know about
the fuel storage on the
airport and how it is
distributed
Fueling Operations
• Fuel is brought to the airport in trucks, railcar or
pipeline
• Fuel is stored in tanks either above or below
ground.
• It may be piped directly to the aircraft or delivered
in fueling vehicles
• However it gets to the aircraft, the firefighter
needs to understand the safety surrounding fueling
operations
Fueling Operations
• Fuel operations are the number one fire
prevention concern on airports
• Fuel comes either by underground piping to
a fuel hydrant at each gate, there a fuel
truck connects to the hydrant to pump the
fuel.
• The aircraft may be fueled at a fueling
Island, much like a car at a gas station
Fueling Operations
• The most common method of fuel is by
tanker truck
• These trucks have capacities ranging from
500 – 10,000 gal. of fuel
• Personnel fueling the aircraft must use a
“Dead man switch”
• This shuts down the operation during an
emergency or if the fueler is incapacitated
Fueling Operations
• Due to static charge buildup during fueling
operations the operation should be
grounded.
• The NFPA does not require the grounding to
a static ground node, but may request it of
the carrier
• For safety reasons must carriers do this
Fueling Operations
• The fuel is loaded to the aircraft in one of
two ways
• Using a single point that allows fueling of
all onboard fuel tanks,such as in larger
aircraft. Or,
• Over the wing, filling each tank separately
as in smaller aircraft
Fueling Operations
Hazards
• Airlines require that aircraft be readied
quickly, this may cause corner cutting in
safety
• Circumventing fuel shut-off devices, poorly
maintained equipment and over filling are
some of the hazards ARFF firefighters may
encounter
Fueling Operations
Hazards
• Fuel vapors are another hazard
• As an aircraft is fueled vapors are forced
out vent tanks
• Therefore, explosive vapor-air mixtures can
form around the aircraft and fuel
truck/operation
• The ARFF Firefighter must remove any
Ignition Sources
Fueling Operations
Ignition Sources
• Due to the hazardous environment around
an aircraft, possible ignition sources must
be eliminated
• These sources are static and electromagnetic
• Static charges build up on surfaces during
fueling operations
• The aircraft should be bonded with the
fueling truck to equalized the static charge
Fueling Operations
Ignition Sources
• Electro-magnetic electricity comes from
radar, radio, and telephone sources
• These devices should not be used during
fueling operations
• Open flames should also not be permitted
within 50’ of an aircraft
• This means smoking as well
Fueling Operations
Extinguishers
• Fire extinguishers of
the proper size and
type should be used
around aircraft
• The distance between
extinguishers should
be no more than 100’
apart or 100’ from the
aircraft being serviced
Fueling Operations
Drainage Systems
• In most airports
drainage is designed to
handle spilled fuel
• But fuel should not be
allowed to flow
directly into sewer
systems
• The ARFF firefighter
should know the
drainage at the airport