Transcript Electric Machinery

Chapter 1
Introduction to Machinery Principles
Edit by Chi-Shan Yu
Electric Machinery
1
Instructor
• 俞齊山 (Chi-Shan Yu),
• E-mail: [email protected]
Electric Machinery
2
Text book and supplementary materials
of this course
• Stephen J. Chapman
• , PH PTR , 5th edition (Feb.
18, 2011), 東華書局代理
Electric Machinery
3
Reference book
• A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric
Machinery, McGraw-Hill
, 6th edition (July 25,
2002)
Electric Machinery
4
Electric Machinery
Electric Machinery
5
Introduction to Electric machinery
Fundamental
Electric Machinery
6
Introduction to Electric machinery
Fundamental
Electric Machinery
7
What to learn in this course ?
• Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas
introduced in this course
• Which types of energy conversion are concerned?
• Electric energy to electric energy
– Transformer
• Electric energy to mechanical energy
– Motor
• Mechanical energy to electric energy
– Generator
• Magnetic energy is essential !
Electric Machinery
8
Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories (3wks)
• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law
• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law
Electric Machinery
9
Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories (conti)
• Magnetic circuit
• Motor/generator: Induced voltage, induced force
Electric Machinery
10
Course Outlines - Transformer (3wks)
• Ideal/non-ideal transformer
• Equivalent transformer circuit
• Voltage regulation, efficiency
Electric Machinery
11
Course Outlines - Basic electric machine
(motor/generator) theories (3wks)
• AC machine : induction machine, synchronous
machine
• DC machine : separated excited, shunt excited, series
excited, compound excited
• How the motor rotates ?
– Torque/speed
• How the generator to build output voltage ?
– Voltage/current
Electric Machinery
12
Course Outline - induction
(asynchronous) machine (3wks)
• Induction motor (IM) – the most widely used ac
motor in the world
–
–
–
–
Structure and operation theories of IM
Equivalent circuit of IM
Torque/speed characteristics
Basic motor control
• Induction generator (seldom used)
– Output voltage control
– Voltage/current characteristics
Electric Machinery
13
Course Outline - synchronous machine
(3wks)
• Synchronous generator (SG) – the most widely used
generator in the world
–
–
–
–
Structure and operation theories of SG
Equivalent circuit of SG
Voltage/current characteristics
Parallel operation
• Synchronous motor
– Operation principles
– Starting of synchronous motor
– Torque/speed characteristics
Electric Machinery
14
History of Electric Machinery
DC generator, driven
by steam engines
Waterwheel-driven DC
generator installed in
Appleton, Wisconsin
Electric Machinery
15
1882
Thomas A. Edison opens
Pearl St. Station, NYC
History of Electric Machinery
1884
Electric Machinery
16
Frank J. Sprague
produces DC motor for
Edison systems
History of Electric Machinery
1885
Electric Machinery
17
William Stanley
develops commercially
practical transformer
History of Electric Machinery
Nikola Tesla presents
paper on two-phase ac
induction and
1888
synchronous motors
Electric Machinery
18
Today’s development
• DC Machine
– Motor
– Generator
• Transformer
– Single phase
– Three phases
• AC Machine
– Synchronous machine – motor, generator
– Asynchronous machine (induction machine) – motor,
generator
Electric Machinery
19
Today’s development and future trends
• Micro-step stepping motor
• Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
– Brushless dc motor (BLDCM)
• Linear motor
• Reluctance motor
– Synchronous reluctance
– Switched reluctance
• Ultrasonic motor
• Bionic robotics
• MEMS motor
Electric Machinery
20
Course relation
• 碩/博班入學與高考科目
• It is the fundamental course of the electrical
engineering
• Future courses
–
–
–
–
–
–
Power electronics
Motor control
Electric motor drive
Power systems
Renewable energy
Electrical vehicle
Electric Machinery
21
Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles
1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power
relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits
Electric Machinery
22
Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
• Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)
– CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as
the negative direction.
• Linear and rotation motion
– Position and angular
(meter) (degree or radian)
– Speed and angular speed
Electric Machinery
23
Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
– relationships
– Acceleration and angular acceleration
Electric Machinery
24
Torque
Electric Machinery
25
Torque
Electric Machinery
26
Newton’s law of rotation
1. Force
2. Torque
Electric Machinery
27
Torque and Work
Electric Machinery
28
Power (rate of doing work)
Electric Machinery
29
Conversion between watts and
horsepower
1. Watts and horsepower
2. Conversion between two units
5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW
Electric Machinery
30
The magnetic field
Electric Machinery
31
Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s law
1. The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s law
2. The core is a ferromagnetic material
Electric Machinery
32
From the magnetic field to magnetic flux
density
1. When the magnetic field is applied on a
ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux density B
will be produced
Electric Machinery
33
Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux
1. Magnetic flux density
2. Magnetic flux
Electric Machinery
34
Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive force
Electric Machinery
35
Magnetic circuit
1. Magnetic circuit
Electric Machinery
36
Electric circuit and magnetic circuit
Electric Machinery
37
Electric Machinery
38
Electric Machinery
39
Reluctance in magnetic circuit
1. Series connection
2. Parallel connection
Electric Machinery
40
The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
Electric Machinery
41
The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
4. Air gap “fringing effect”
Electric Machinery
42
Example 1-1
Electric Machinery
43
Magnetic circuit
Electric Machinery
50
MATLAB Programs
Electric Machinery
51
Example 1-2
Electric Machinery
52
Example 1-2
Electric Machinery
53
Example 1-3
Electric Machinery
60
Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation
Electric Machinery
69
Magnetic curve for a typical steel
Electric Machinery
70
A plot of relative permeability mr
Electric Machinery
71
Example 1-4
Electric Machinery
72
Example 1-5
Electric Machinery
73
Energy loss in ferromagnetic core –
hysteresis loss
Electric Machinery
76
Hysteresis loop – residual flux
Electric Machinery
77
The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop
Electric Machinery
78
Magnetization curve
Electric Machinery
79
Hysteresis loss
Electric Machinery
80
Hysteresis loss
Electric Machinery
81
Electric Machinery
82
Faraday’s law – induce voltage from a
time-varying magnetic field
1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity
Electric Machinery
83
The induced voltage polarity – Lenz’s law
Electric Machinery
84
Flux and flux linkage
Electric Machinery
85
Example 1-6
Electric Machinery
86
Produce an induced force on a wire
Electric Machinery
89
Example 1-7
Electric Machinery
90
Example 1-7
Electric Machinery
91
Relationship between electric-magnetic
variables
• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law
• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law
Electric Machinery
92
Induced voltage on a conductor
Electric Machinery
93
Example 1-8
Electric Machinery
94
Example 1-9
Electric Machinery
96
The linear DC machine – a simple
example
Electric Machinery
98
Starting a linear DC machine
Electric Machinery
101
Starting a linear DC machine
1. Current
2. Induced force
3. Induced voltage
Electric Machinery
102
Starting a linear DC machine
Electric Machinery
103
Summarize of a dc machine starting
Electric Machinery
104
DC linear machine operates at no-load
condition
Electric Machinery
105
Linear dc motor
• While the load is applied
• The conversion power between mechanical and
electrical
Electric Machinery
106
Summarize of a dc motor operation
Electric Machinery
107
Linear dc generator
• While the external force is applied on the moving
direction
Electric Machinery
108
Summarize of a dc generator operation
Electric Machinery
109
Starting problem of dc linear machine
Electric Machinery
110
Example 1-10
Electric Machinery
111
Example 1-10
Electric Machinery
112
Matlab/Simulink simulation
• Equations:
–
–
–
–
F = ilB
e = vBl
i = (Vb-e) / R
dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
• Simulation parameters:
– Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
– B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
– Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt
Electric Machinery
117
Matlab/Simulink simulation
Electric Machinery
118
Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits
• Power in DC circuit
Electric Machinery
120
Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits
• AC source applies power to an impedance Z
Electric Machinery
121
Instantaneous power
Electric Machinery
122
Instantaneous power
Electric Machinery
123
Average power and reactive power
Electric Machinery
124
Reactive power Q and apparatus power S
1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from
instantaneous power
2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the
product of voltage and current magnitudes
Electric Machinery
125
Complex power representation
Electric Machinery
127
Complex power representation
Electric Machinery
128
Power direction
Electric Machinery
129
Power factor
Electric Machinery
130
Example 1-11
Electric Machinery
131
Three phase concepts
• The three phase concepts are also introduced in
Appendix
Electric Machinery
134