Transcript Rechargeable Batteries - WilsonSCH4U-06-2013

Rechargeable
Batteries
By: Tolaz Hewa
Chemistry behind Batteries
A battery is a package that consist of one
or more galvanic cells used for the
production and storage of electric energy.
The power is generated because of the
reaction that happens between the anode
and the cathode in the galvanic cells.
O Each half cell contains an electrode and
an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte
solution usually has ions of the electrode
in them.
O A Galvanic Cell is also known as voltaic
cell which produces electrical energy
spontaneously and
O
Chemistry behind Batteries
Rechargeable batteries are
batteries that store electrical
power. These batteries can be
used multiple times and
recharged.
O They are cheaper, more durable,
and better for our environment
than disposable batteries.
O Batteries have two half cells and
the electricity current runs
because of the difference in
voltage between each electrode.
O The voltage runs through the
electrolyte.
O
Chemistry behind Batteries
Batteries are made up of plates with
the help of reactive chemicals that
are separated by
barriers/seperators.
O These plates are polarized so that all
the electrons are collected on one
side of the plates.
O When a device is connected, a
pathway is created to allow the flow
of electricity from negative terminal
to positive terminal.
O When current happens there is also
electrochemical reaction that causes
the electrons to replenish
O
Chart of Information on Battery
Types
Chemistry
Cell Voltage
Energy Density (MJ/kg)
NiCd
1.2
0.14
Lead Acid
2.2
0.14
NiMH
1.2
0.36
Lithium ion
3.6
0.46
Comments
Inexpensive.
High/low drain, moderate energy density.
Can withstand very high discharge rates with
virtually no loss of capacity.
Moderate rate of self discharge.
Reputed to suffer from memory effect (which
is alleged to cause early failure).
Environmental hazard due to Cadmium - use
now virtually prohibited in Europe.
Moderately expensive.
Moderate energy density.
Moderate rate of self discharge.
Higher discharge rates result in considerable
loss of capacity.
Does not suffer from memory effect.
Environmental hazard due to Lead.
Common use - Automobile batteries
Cheap.
Not usable in higher drain devices.
Traditional chemistry has high energy density,
but also a high rate of self-discharge.
Newer chemistry has low self-discharge rate,
but also a ~25% lower energy density.
Very heavy. Used in some cars.
Very expensive.
Very high energy density.
Not usually available in "common" battery
sizes (but see RCR-V3 for a counter-example).
Very common in laptop computers, moderate
to high-end digital cameras and camcorders,
and cellphones.
Very low rate of self discharge.
Volatile: Chance of explosion if short circuited,
allowed to overheat, or not manufactured with
rigorous quality standards.
The advantages and disadvantages of
using rechargeable batteries.
O
Cost
O
O
Performance
O
O
Besides the high initial cost of the battery, rechargeable batteries
can recharged up to 500 times which comes to be much more
efficient than buying multiple non- rechargeable batteries.
Even though at first rechargeable batteries had much lower
performance then standard alkaline batteries (non-rechargeable),
the technology has grown very much to a point where major
companies advertise that they perform better than standard
batteries.
Charging
O
Charging rechargeable batteries can be a pain sometimes.
Especially if it forces the device to be off when charging. Some has
very high discharging rate which means they need to be charged
once more after not being used for a while.
The advantages and disadvantages of
using rechargeable batteries.
O
Uses
O
O
Some batteries depending their type, they are only
useful for some specific devices. Older devices
may warn you not to you use Lithium-Ion which
means it will not work well with them. Also
because Lithium-Ion batteries are expensive, they
are mainly used in computers, camera, and
portable electronic devices.
Hazards
O
Some of the rechargeable batteries have
chemicals in the that are more dangerous than
alkaline batteries (especially Nickel-Cadmium).
This makes them a very big threat to our
environment. Some countries ban the usage of too
many nickel-cadmium batteries.
More about batteries
Battery Type
Total Capacity
Self-Discharge Rate
Use Characteristics
Nickel-Metal Hydride
(NiMH)
Works well in devices that
Up to 1,000, AAA.
Does not hold charge well
require sudden high
Up to 2,700 mAh, AA.
over long periods.
amperage
discharge,
Available capacities vary Loses 4 percent per day1,
such as digital cameras.
widely. Check the mAh
much more in warm
Also works well in most
rating before you buy.
temperatures.
other devices.
Low Self Discharge
Nickel-Metal Hydride
(LSD NiMH)
Up to 800, AAA.
Up to 2,000, AA
Almost all LSD batteries
sold have close to these
capacities.
Nickel-Cadmium
(NiCd)
Does not work well in
devices that require
Up to 350 mAh, AAA.
sudden
high amperage
Up to 1,000 mAh, AA. Loses 1 percent per day3,
discharges. Does not
Available capacities vary slightly more in warm
work well in digital
widely. Check the mAh
temperatures.
cameras, but does work
rating before you buy.
well in most other
devices.
Holds charge well over Works well in devices that
long periods.
require sudden high
Loses 15 percent
amperage discharge,
2
per year , very slightly such as digital cameras.
more in warm
Also works well in most
temperatures.
other devices.
What methods should be used for
disposing batteries
O
DISPOSING OF GENERAL PURPOSE & ALKALINE BATTERIES
O
O
O
O
Alkaline batteries can be safely disposed of with normal household waste. But do
not expose it to fire, there is a chance it will explode.
Companies like Duracell has stopped using mercury due to its danger on the
environment since 1993. Now they are made of other non-harmful metals such as
steel, zinc, and manganese.
Do not dispose too many of these batteries together at once. Because if the dead
batteries have contact with each other there is a chance of reaction.
RECYCLING BATTERIES WITH OTHER CHEMISTRIES
O
O
O
Because of the chemical inside rechargeable, lithium, lithium ion, and zinc air
batteries they should always be recycled. This included batteries for electronics
such as cameras, music players, and other portable devices.
Always look for the recycle symbol on your batteries.
Car batteries should be brought back to waste management centers where they
would be taken care of properly. Also there is a chance a auto worker would want
your battery.
References:
O
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Christophe Derderian retrieved from
http://www.des.pf/itereva/disciplines/sti/prod/apsecondes/FTP/TP%20HnD%20%20Week%203/files/Docs/Rechargeable_battery_chemistries.pdf
Ben, H. (2003, 23 05). uwaterloo. Retrieved from
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/battery.html
Moore, C. (2007). Advantages and disadvantages of rechargeable batteries. Retrieved
from http://www.ehow.com/about_5397626_advantages-disadvantages-rechargeablebatteries.html
Duracell. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.duracell.ca/en-CA/battery-care-disposal.jspx
Calrecycle. (27 0). Retrieved from
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/power/rechbattinfo.htm
Impacts of Rechargeable batteries in
portable devices on society
O
O
O
O
It has allowed for many developments in the
portable electronics industry.
It has allowed us to make electronics that will
be live a longer age and will not need constant
change of batteries.
It has helped with the development of
companies in the video game industries (Sony,
Microsoft, Nintendo, Atari, etc.), portable MP3
player industries (Apple, Sony, SanDisk, etc.),
and Cell phone industries (Apple, Samsung,
Blackberry, etc.)
It is been a great push towards the modern
convenient life we live today with the
electronics.
THE END