Transcript Powerpoint Presentation

Door Operators
Presenter:
David Sutton
Columbia Elevator Products, Co., Inc.
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Part I: Brief History of Elevators
Part II: Evolution of Door Operator
Technology
Part III: Door Closing Rules
Part I: History – before doors
OTIS Safety Brake
1853 World’s Fair
1861 Patent
Illustration from Otis Elevator Co: The Otis Bulletin: Special 125 th Anniversary Edition, 1978
Paternoster: (Latin = Lord’s Prayer)
Before Elevator Doors
Cyclic Elevator,
1868
 Chain elevator
 Elevator is in the
form of a loop
similar to Rosary
Beads
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Paternoster:
What are the safety concerns?
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Take two minutes to list all
the safety concerns you
have when an elevator
doesn’t have a door.
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Video link:
 http://youtu.be/OXSnNz
GJDdg
Manual Door Operation:
The ultimate door operator.
Charles Moore, elevator operator at Cook
County Hospital, 1835 West Harrison Street,
near West Side community area of Chicago,
Illinois. Chicago Daily News
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=e6MSVRiK8-A
Marshall Field's
and Company,
Blanche
Hildebrand, a
woman elevator
operator-1918.
Library of
Congress
Manual Elevator / Door Operator:
Why change?
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Safety (for the elevator operators themselves)
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Cheaper by the hour
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Increased passenger room
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24 hrs per day 7 days a week
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No holiday or vacation pay required
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Doesn’t talk back
Automatic Door Operators:
Addressing Safety Concerns
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Electric door operators were developed and mounted
on the elevator car to open and close the car and
hoistway doors together.
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Move the doors with an electric motor connected to the car
door panel with levers and links.
Mechanically Coupled with Hoistway Doors:
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Clutch - Attached to the back of the cab door
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Pickup Rollers - Attached to the back of the hoistway doors
Safety Switch and Door Interlocks must be actuated to
indicate fully closed
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Gate Switch or Car Door Interlock Attached to car door
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Interlocks –
Attached to hoistway doors
Automatic Door Operators:
Clutch & Pickup Rollers
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Mechanically
Coupled Together
to open Doors:
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Clutch or Vane Attached to the
back of the cab
door
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Pickup Rollers Attached to the
back of the
hoistway doors
Automatic Door Operators:
Gate Switch & Interlocks
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The elevator controller relies on a
safety chain of switches to know
when it can move the elevator.
These switches are considered to
be part of the safety chain.
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Gate Switch - Attached to
car door (must be closed)
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Interlocks – Attached to
hoistway doors (must be
closed)
Harmonic Operators
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Harmonic motion
One dimensional movement in X - Y
coordinates based on a specific radius
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A graph of Linear motion speed
based on 180 degrees of harmonic
motion forms a bell curve
Harmonic Operator
Mechanical Design
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Mechanically creates a
four part elevator door
profile
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Mechanical profile was
essential in early
operators because they
were driven by constant
speed AC motors
Early Door Operator Profile
4 part profile used for both
Opening and Closing of doors
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First Movement:
 Linear speed of the door is
increased slowly
• Allows for quiet engagement of the
car and hoistway doors.
• When opening the door, this also
allows time for the restrictor and
interlock to disengage
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Second Movement:
 Linear speed increases until midpoint of the opening is reached
With the harmonic design the torque decreases
as the speed increases.
Early Door Operator Profile
4 part profile used for both Opening and Closing of doors (cont)
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Third Movement:
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Linear speed of the door
decreases from mid-point to
the slow down point.
Fourth Movement:
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Linear speed of the door
continues to decrease until
the door stops.
High Voltage DC
Motor Driven Operators
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High voltage DC Motors introduced
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allow the ability to have separate profiles for
Opening and Closing
DC motor speed was controlled by
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limit switches, relays and resistors
which changed the motor current and voltage
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DC motors controlled by resistance
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low torque at slow speeds
Solid State Motor Control
(Refining motor control)
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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) used instead of resistance to control
motor speed
Pulse width modulation sends full voltage square wave pulses to a DC
motor that vary in duration to control the motor speed
With PWM output high motor torque can be achieved at low motor
speeds
PWM provides more accurate control of Acceleration and Torque
Part II: Evolution of
DOOR OPERATORS
AND TRACK
Evolution of Door Operator
 Harmonic
 Linear
Reasons for Door Operator
Design Refinement
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Reduce mechanical failure
Create separate Open and Close profiles
Improve Floor to Floor times
Changes required by ASME regulations
Weight reduction
Cost effectiveness
Ease of installation
Ease of service
Door Operator Types:
Harmonic or Linear
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Traditional Harmonic
operators are mounted on
the car top and drive the
doors from the face of the
door panel. Door panels
ride on a separate track
assembly.
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Most linear operators
incorporate the track
with the operator and
drive the door panels
from the top of the door.
Common Door Operator
Considerations
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1 OF 2
When do you want to modernize your Door
Operators?
 Poor door performance
 Increase reliability
 Decrease number of moving parts
 Specification
 Closed Loop operation
 Decrease Weight
 Decrease Height
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What types of Door Operators are available?
 Harmonic:
 Motion controlled pendulum arm, more mechanical,
heavy duty, adjustable for use with most opening
types and sizes.
 Linear:
 Driven from the top of the door panel by a single
belt or cable that spans the opening.
Common Door Operator
Considerations
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2 OF 2
What Operator will you use?
 Heavy/Glass Doors
 Mix of heavy and light doors in the same hoistway – closed
loop offers best solution.
 Odd sized openings
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What does closed-loop mean?
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The door operator controller operates based on encoder feedback
that indicates the position of the door panel in the opening.
Why are door times important?
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Maximum operator performance improves floor-to-floor times
Harmonic Operator
Advantages
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Mechanically creates door open and close profiles
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Proven design
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Flexible (same equipment can be used on a wide variety
of opening types and widths and tracks)
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Widely recognized by elevator technicians
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Preferred by most technicians for modernization projects
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Can be adjusted or modified to work with track and
hoistway equipment from other manufacturers
Harmonic Operator
Disadvantages
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Too many moving parts with bearings that can create noise
and or fail
Complicated initial installation and setup
Heavy
Mounts on top of Cab and requires a significant overhead
space
Rotating components and linkage add mass to the door
equipment causing increased kinetic energy effecting
minimum door close times
Drive linkage is typically mounted to the back of the door
limiting the use of glass doors without the use of special
door panels
Linear Operators
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Door panels are driven
by the pendants
(hangers) that are
driven by a worm gear,
cable, chain or belt that
extends the full length
of the opening.
 Widely used in
Europe before being
introduced in the
United States
 Became more
popular after
microprocessor
controls were
introduced
Microprocessor (CPU) Control
(Advantages)
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Creation and modification of Open and Close profiles
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Required for Closed loop operation (makes
calculations based on encoder feedback)
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without the need for adjustment of switches or sensors
Varies the motor current and voltage to insure that the
door follows the programmed profile
Door opening and closing times remain the same for
heavy or light doors in the same hoistway
When combined with motor current sensing
technology, the need for Limit switches can be
eliminated.
Linear Operator
Advantages
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CPU controlled
Fewer moving parts
Decreased installation time
Track assembly incorporated with the
operator
Limit switches no longer required on many
models.
Access to key components from the front of
the car
Utilizes HTD belt drive to reduce noise
Part III: Door Closing Rules
ASME Rules for the closing
of Horizontally sliding doors.
Kinetic
Energy
Closing Force
ASME Rules for Closing
Force.
ASME A17.1 - 2010 section on Closing Force
2.13.4 Closing Limitations for Power-Operated Horizontally
Sliding Hoistway Doors and Horizontally Sliding Car Doors
or Gates
Note: Rule numbers sometimes change with newer revisions of
the code but the section descriptions usually remain the
same.
Rules for Door Closing Force
2.13.4.2.1 Kinetic Energy (measured in ft-lbf)
2.13.4.2.3 Door Force (measured in lbf)
Kinetic Energy Formula
Kinetic Energy Example
Energy stored in a moving object (mass).
Example driving a 3.5” nail with a hammer.
The kinetic energy is created by the movement of mass.
Masses that are moving when driving a nail include:
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Mass and speed of the arm of the person swinging the hammer
Mass and speed of the hammer handle
Mass and speed of the hammer head
The kinetic energy is created by swinging the hammer is applied to
the head of the nail causing it to move.
As stated in ASME A17.1 – 2010 2.13.4.2.1 Kinetic Energy
(measured in ft-lbf)
Kinetic Energy is a calculated value based on the
known mass, opening width and speed of the
mass.
Kinetic Energy for Elevator
Doors
Elevator door mass included in Kinetic Energy calculation
According to 2.13.4.2.1
Car side:
Rotation inertia from motors, pulleys and or
levers that pivot.
Any component that moves with the door panels including,
pendants (Door Hangers), clutch, restrictor hook w/linkage,
gibs, hardware and Door Panel (s).
Hatch side:
Pendant assemblies (Door Hangers)
Gibs, Fire Clips, Fire Retainers, interlock hook w/linkage, pickup
roller assembly hardware and Door Panel (s).
Door Panels makeup at least 90% of the total mass;
therefore, door panels have the largest effect on kinetic
energy calculations.
Kinetic Energy Data
Kinetic Energy Graph
Kinetic Energy Data Plate
Closing Force
ASME A17.1 – 2010 2.13.4.2.3 Door Force (measured in lbf)
This is one of the most misunderstood rules with regard to door
operation because the term lbf is used instead of lb.
1 lbf = 1 pound of force which is measured as one pound (lb).
 A one pound force does not indicate movement. It indicates
the potential that an object exerts against another object.
 Pound force (lbf) unlike foot pound force (ft-lbf) can be
measured using the same instrument used to weight an
object.
 Typically a spring gauge is used to measure elevator door
pressure.
 The rule allows for a maximum of 30 lbf of pressure to be
applied to an elevator door.
Closing Force Measurment
Accepted method for measuring Closing Force.
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The car should be at a landing.
While closing the door, stop the door panel in the center
of its travel using your foot.
Place a spring gauge against the lead edge of the car or
hoistway door panel.
Hold the gauge solid so that you can keep the door from
moving.
Remove your foot allowing the panel to push against the
gauge.
After the panel has stopped moving, remove the gauge
and record the value.
Reset the gauge and retest several times to verify the
value.
Door Operators
David Sutton
Columbia Elevator Products
[email protected]
(888) 858-1558 extension 4320
Glossary:
Door Equipment Definitions
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ASME A17.1: The safety standard for all new elevator equipment.
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Clutch or Vane: Mounts to the car door and couples with pickup rollers
on hoistway doors when the car is at a landing. The clutch provides the
interface between the car and hoistway doors. Vanes perform the same
function in a different manor.
CEPCO description for Clutches and Vanes:
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Clutches grip the outside edges of the pickup rollers.
Vanes push against the inside edges of the pickup rollers.
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CPU: Central Processor Unit
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Door Coupling: Refers to the method used to couple the car and
hoistway doors. 3 standard methods used are:
 Door mounted Clutch with door mounted pickup rollers
 Door mounted Vane with door mounted pickup rollers
 Pendant mounted Clutch with pendant mounted pickup rollers
Glossary:
Door Equipment Definitions
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Door Drive: Pickup roller assembly located on the hoistway door.
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DPM: Door Position Monitor – required by ASME A17.1 2000
code.
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Gate Switch: Safety switch that indicates that the car door is fully
closed. This device is mounted to the car header on the strike
side of the opening. On center opening doors this is located on
the strike side near the center of the header.
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Hangers: These can refer to the entire Header, Track and
Pendant assembly or just the pendant / hanger assembly.
Descriptions for this item vary from Customer to Customer.
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Interlock: Safety switch that is a mechanical lock with an
electrical contact that typically indicates when the hoistway doors
are closed and locked. Recently being used on car doors.
Glossary:
Door Equipment Definitions
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Long Lever: Lever used to with Harmonic Operators to move
the doors.
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Pickup rollers: Mount to the hoistway doors and couples with
the clutch or vane on the car door. Has one stationary and one
moving roller that unlocks the door(s).
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Restrictor: Device for locking car doors when the elevator car is
between floors (landings).
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Rotational Inertia: Calculation of kinetic energy in joules for a
rotating object (mass).
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Unlocking Zone: The maximum distance allowed above and
below a floor for coupling of the car and hoistway doors. This
distance is specified by ASME and has changed in 2013 from 12”
to 7”.