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KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Principles and Issues Relating to the
Interconnection of Wind Power
Zhenyu Fan & Johan Enslin
Power System Conference,
Clemson, South Carolina,
March 8-11, 2005
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
3801 Lake Boone Trail, Suit 200
Raleigh, NC 27607
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Overview:
 Study Background
 Key Issues
 Objectives & Scope
 Case Studies
 Summary
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KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Wind Power is growing!
1.
Germany: 12,001 MW
2.
Spain: 4830 MW
3.
US: 4275 MW
4.
Denmark: 2880 MW
5.
India: 1702 MW
Source: AWEA’s Global Market Report
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KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Table 1: Example of wind systems and installed penetration levels
Region
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Peak Load
MW
Installed Wind
MW
Penetration
Denmark
5,000
3,100
62%
Germany
77,000
14,600
19%
Spain
36,000
6,200
17 %
The Netherlands
14,000
1,000
7%
Continental USA
808,000
6,740
0.8%
Texas
63,000
1,288
2%
New Mexico
1,500
265
17%
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Wind Resource in the USA
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Wind Power installed in US
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Wind Power Interconnection Studies

Interconnection procedures are not uniform

In general, interconnection procedures require:

to apply for a queue position;

system feasibility, system impact, and facilities studies;

interconnection and construction agreements;

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construction of interconnection facilities, and network
upgrades if required.
FERC governs the generation interconnection process
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Interconnected Issues:
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
Power Flow

Short Circuit

Transient Stability

Electromagnetic Transient
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Interconnected Issues (Cont.):
 Protection
 Power
Leveling and Energy
Balancing
 Power
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Quality
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Network Interface Options
AC
A)AC
B)C)-
Lo
AC
AC
D)-
Q
Co
R
Q and P
C3
AC
AC
Damper
SVC
AC
AC
AC
AC
Wind Farm
Storage
Offshore grid
• A – Direct link, no compensation
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• B – SVC, reactive power, voltage
• C – STATCOM, added power quality
• D – STATCOM with battery, added power balance, trading, UPS,
Black-start, etc.
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Case Studies:
 California ISO System
 Dutch Project
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California ISO System:

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CA Wind Resources

Areas designated "Good" are
roughly equivalent to an
estimated mean annual power at
10 meter height of 200
Watts/square meter to 300 W/m2
and "Excellent" to above 300
W/M2.

In the year 2000, wind energy in
California produced 3,604 million
kilowatt-hours of electricity, about
1.27 percent of the state's total
electricity. That's more than
enough to light a city the size of
San Francisco.
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
California ISO System:

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CA Electricity Market

The CA ISO 2004 Summer peak
load is 44,422 MW with a
minimum projected planning
reserve of 16.4% and a
corresponding operating reserve
of 2,750 MW. Approximately
32,700 MW are thermal units,
2,600 MW are wind with the
remaining 18,700 MW consisting
of a mix of hydro, pumped
storage and solar.

The 2004 base scenario forecast
wind capacity for California
during summer peaks is only 235
MW (9.0% of the installed wind
capacity).
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Wind Power Operating Reserve and
Regulation Impact
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
Load forecasting error affects operating reserves while shortterm fluctuations in load affect regulation

Forecasting errors should be considered in combination

Geographical dispersion of wind resources tend to reduce the
amount of incremental load following requirements
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Wind Power Impact on Reliability and
System Operation
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
Hydro-power resources can be used for power balancing
wind power plants,

Thermal units on the system would still be used for operating
reserves.

System reliability and load following capability will not be
affected significantly by the addition of a significant amount of
wind generation.
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Wind Power Impact on Generation
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
The decision to build a wind plant depends on many factors.

Capacity factor of CA ISO is 9% on an annual basis, new
wind project are likely to have capacity factors in the 35-40%
range.

The addition of large amounts of wind generation to a system
would have some economic and physical impact on merchant
plants in the medium to long run.
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Netherlands Project
Connection
Points
Wind Park
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Major Dutch HV Network Upgrades for interconnection of
a 6,000 MW offshore wind park in the North Sea
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Offshore Wind Energy In Netherlands
12% of energy within EU should be provided by
renewables by the year 2010, with a possible
installed wind capacity of at least 40 GW
 6000 MW by 2020 wind power studies
 An energy storage system integrated with high
power electronics can mitigate interconnection
problems

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KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Storage Options for 6 GW Wind Farm
Dimensioning Flow-battery
Energy
62004 MWh
VSC Interface
Power
2555 MW
Transformer
Electrolytic
Storage Tanks
Fuel-Cell Stacks
VSC Inverter
and Controller
Surface of Battery Plant for Wind Park (6000 MW):
• 792.000 m2 (e.g 990 x 800 m)

Based on Flow-battery technology

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
6,000 M€, 30 years NPV, 1x1 km size
Not feasible by factor 10 as a single solution
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Energy Storage



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A 2500 MW battery plant will be required
Total capacity is 62 GWh
Based on the difference between low
and high APX-values, the profits of the
reduction of the number of start/stops,
and avoiding the investment cost of the
stabilization system, and avoiding of the
unbalance cost, the project becomes
feasible.
In this case, a seven- to eight-year
break-even can be achieved,
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Summary
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
Large-scale wind park requires a different integration
approach from those used for smaller wind farms.

Mitigation devices are needed for the interconnection
issues with distributed power

Key technologies can minimize the impact on the
network

Several functions should be integrated into the
functionality of the energy storage system
KEMA T&D CONSULTING
Thank You !
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