Transcript Transaction Processing Systems

Transaction Processing Systems
Training presentation for Kilomart
Contents
• Section 1
Introducing transaction
processing systems
• Multiple Choice Quiz
• Section 2
Kilomart and
transaction processing
systems
• Section 3
Bibliography
Section 1 – Introducing TPSs
RETURN TO START
Defining a TPS
• A TPS collects, stores, modifies and retrieves
the transactions of an organisation
Characteristics of a TPS
• Rapid response – fast performance with rapid
results
• Reliability – well designed backup and
recovery with a low failure rate
• Inflexibility – treat every transaction equally
• Controlled processing – maintain specific
requirements for the roles and responsibilities
of different employees.
Batch Processing in a TPS
• Batch transaction
processing collects the
transaction data as a
group (batch) and
processes it at a later
time eg cheque
clearance or generating
pay cheques.
Real-Time Processing in a TPS
• Real-time transaction processing is
the immediate processing of data eg
airline reservation systems or
banking transaction systems
Transaction processing monitor
• A TP monitor is software that provides a
standard interface between the input devices,
the transaction processing application
programs and the DBMS. It also provides data
security and is an important part of real-time
processing.
Real-Time vs. Batch
• Real-time:
– Each transaction is
unique
– Requires master file to
be readily available
– Has fewer errors as data
is entered and validated
immediately
– More computer operators
required
• Batch:
– Cheaper
– Transactions must have
similar inputs and
outputs
– Any error is not
immediately detected
– Easier to maintain
– Less IT required
Data validation
• Involves procedures to ensure that transactions
are correct and have been accurately stored in
the database
• Although essential, it is impossible to validate
all the data as some errors are very difficult to
detect eg typing ‘1986’ instead of ‘1987’
Manual Transaction Systems
• A manual transaction system is a business
system that operates without the use of
machines
• People record the data and perform stock takes
to check for misplaced/stolen money or stock
• Computerisation provides significant benefits
as it is faster, more affective and provides
relevant information for the business.
Components of a TPS
• Users – a main feature of a
TPS, they often take the
data provided by it and use
it in another information
system
• Participants - people who
conduct the information
processing, success or
failure is dependant on them
• People from the environment become participants when
they directly enter transactions and perform validation eg
withdrawing money from an ATM
Examples of TPSs
• Real-Time
– Reservation systems
– POS terminals
– Library loan systems
• Batch
– Cheque clearance
– Bill generation
– Credit card sales and
transactions
Storing and Retrieving – Databases
• A database is an organised collection of data. There
are three structures:
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Important Database Features
• Real-time TPS databases should have:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Good data placement
Short transactions
Real-time backup
High normalisation
Archiving of historical data
Good hardware configuration
File Types in a TPS
•
•
•
•
•
Master file
Transaction file
Report file
Work file
Program file
Data Warehousing
• A data warehouse is a database that collects
information from different data sources. Data
has to be:
–
–
–
–
Consolidated
Subject-oriented
Historical
Read-only
Backup and Recovery
• A backup is another copy of data that could be
used to rebuild the system should failure occur
• Recovery of a database involves:
–
–
–
–
The backup
Journal
Checkpoint
Recovery manager
Types of Recovery
• Backward recovery – used to undo unwanted
changes to the database
• Forward recovery – starts with a backup and
reproduces transactions from a journal
Grandfather-Father-Son
• A backup procedure that refers to at least three generations of
backup master files
• Commonly used with magnetic tape
• If the TPS fails, the first generation backup is used (son) to
recover it, if this is also corrupted the next generation is used
(father) and so on
Updating data
• In a batch:
– Involves sequential
access
– Most common medium
is magnetic tape
• Real-time
– Involves direct access
– Can be stored on
magnetic disk, CD, hard
disk and others
Collecting data in a TPS
• Hardware
– MICR (magnetic ink character recognition)
– ATM
– Barcode readers
• Forms
– On-screen forms
– Web forms
Analysing data from a TPS
• Done as input in other information systems
including:
– DSSs, decision support systems
– MISs, management information systems
Issues Related to TPSs
• Nature of work is changing
– Automation of jobs
– People as participants
•
•
•
•
Bias free data
Data security
Data accuracy
Data integrity (the ACID test)
The ACID Test
• Atomicity – all steps involved in a transaction
are completed as a group
• Consistency – database is successfully
transformed from one state to another
• Isolation – simultaneous transactions don’t
interfere with each other’s database updates
• Durability – all changes to the database are
permanent when the transaction is committed.
Multiple Choice Quiz
RETURN TO START
1. Which of these is not an important
characteristic of a TPS
a)
b)
c)
d)
Reliability
Rapid response
Flexibility
Controlled processing
ANSWER
2. Real-time processing is:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Cheaper than batch
Faster than batch
Not real at all
Used in bill generation
ANSWER
3. Which of the following is not a
component of a TPS:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Users
Participants
People from environment
Data mining
ANSWER
4. Which is not an example of a TPS:
a)
b)
c)
d)
POS terminal
Airline reservation system
Library loan system
E-mail
ANSWER
5. In a manual transaction system:
a) People record the data and perform stock
takes
b) Robotic arms perform manual labour
c) People operate computers and machinery
d) There is no data
ANSWER
6. The five basic file types in a TPS
are:
a) Master file, slave file, teacher file, child file
and print file
b) Terminal file, processing file, master file,
slave file and backup file
c) JPEG, GIF, PGF, PNG and PSD
d) Master file, transaction file, report file, work
file and program file
ANSWER
7. The ACID test involves:
a) The Atomic Composition of Information
Databases
b) Testing the chemical properties of storage
media in TPSs against sulphuric acid
c) The Atomicity, Concurrency, Isolation and
Dataframe
d) The Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and
Durability
ANSWER
8. MICR is used in:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Organising
Storing and retrieving
Collecting
Transmitting and receiving
ANSWER
9. Recovery of a database involves:
a) The backup, journal, TP monitor and
operating system
b) The backup, journal, checkpoint and
recovery manager
c) Travelling back in time to a point where the
database was functional
d) The storage of backups off-site
ANSWER
10. Which of these is not a database
structure:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Relational
Hierarchical
Architectural
Network
ANSWER
Section 2 – Kilomart and TPSs
RETURN TO START
Collecting data
•
•
•
•
Bar-code readers
EFTPOS devices
Cash registers
Web forms
Organising
• DBMS – sort and
organise all the data
from the transactions
from the internet,
different terminals and
stores
Analysing
• DSS – using data mining to determine
relationships and patterns in product sales at
stores
• MIS – assist managers in generating stock
inventories, payrolls, orders and budgets.
Storing and Retrieving
• Data should be stored on-site with backups
both on-site at each store as well as off-site at
the Kilomart head office mainframe computer
• Hard disks, floppy disks, CDs and/or other
storage media should be used
Processing
• Backups should be done using the grandfatherfather-son method updated at least two times
per day
• Transaction journals should be kept for web
sales as well as each terminal for system
recovery and to track down any missing or
stolen money.
Transmitting and Receiving
• Each terminal at each store should be
connected to the mainframe in that store in a
LAN
• Each mainframe at each store should be
connected to the mainframe at the Kilomart
head office as well as the internet for web
transactions in a secure WAN
Displaying
• Each terminal needs a printing device for
customer receipts
• A user-friendly web interface for internet
transactions
Implementation
• A new system can be implemented in several
different ways:
Direct conversion
Old
New
Parallel conversion
Old
New
Phased conversion
New
Old
Pilot conversion
Old
Old
Old
New
New
New
Social and Ethical Issues
• Every customer has a right to their own
privacy and details stored such as credit card
number, name and address have to be secure
• The implementation of a new TPS would
require staff to be skilled in different areas
• Transaction data has to be secure during
transmission to the mainframe as well as while
stored
Section 3 - Bibliography
RETURN TO START
Books
• Information Processes and Technology: HSC
Course, by G.K. Powers published by
Heinemann (2000)
• Information Processes and Technology - HSC
Course, by Peter Ware, Paul Cheleski & Bill
Chivers, published by Jacaranda (2001).
• Excel HSC Information Processes and
Technology, by G. Johnstone. M. Lowbridge &
J. Smith, published by Pascal Press (2003)
Web Resources
• Mr Alexander.com Information Technology
– http://www.mralexander.bravehost.com/
• Mr Betts Computers – Online Learning
Resources
– http://au.geocities.com/graham_betts/
For More Details
• Macksville High School HSC IPT Resources
– http://www.macksvilleh.schools.nsw.edu.au/IPT/IPT.htm
• Business Transaction Processing System
– http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/users/johnson/businesstransactions/sreich.html
THE END
Created by Nick Nestoroski