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E3 237 Integrated Circuits for Wireless
Communication
Lecture 1: Introduction
Gaurab Banerjee
Department of Electrical Communication Engineering,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
[email protected]
Administrative Matters
Course Web Page:
http://www.ece.iisc.ernet.in/~banerjee/course_E3237/index.htm
Class Timings:
Tuesdays/Thursdays, 1530-1700 IST, Room 1.08 , ECE Bldg.
Please be on Time!
Office hours:
To be determined after week 2 of classes, Currently by Appointment
Class Mailing List:
Please send me an email with E3 237 in the subject line (follow
this convention for all course related emails) to get added to the
class mailing list for announcements.
Administrative Matters
Grading and Course Structure:
3 lecture-hours per week
2 homework assignments (10% of course grade)
Midterm (25% of course grade)
Project (5% on novelty, 15% on final report, 10% on group presentation)
Final Examination (35% of course grade)
TAs: TBA
Text:
No textbook: Please take notes in class, or make backup arrangements.
Recommended references:
1) RF Microelectronics by B. Razavi (Pearson)
2) The Design Of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits by T. Lee
(Cambridge University Press)
Tentative Calendar: On Class Website.
Course Contents
System Level Concepts:
Noise and Linearity. Concepts such as noise figure, 2-port noise
parameters, IIP3. Cascaded noise figure and IIP3. The modeling of an RF
system using these concepts. Receiver and Transmitter Architectures.
Circuit Design:
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RLC Networks,
Low Noise Amplifiers & Mixers
Voltage Controlled Oscillators
Phase Locked Loops and Synthesizers
Power Amplifiers
Case Studies:
• Cellular Transceiver
• Wireless LAN transceiver
• Millimeter wave transceiver
Connection to other courses
E3 238: Analog VLSI Systems
E8 242: RF ICs and Systems
E3 284: Digital VLSI Circuits
E3 237:ICs for Wireless Commn.
E3 yyy: ICs for Wireline Commn.
E3 zzz: ICs for Data Conversion
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Prerequisite: If you wish to take this course for credit and have not
taken E3 238, you need to take my permission.
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It is recommended that students take the Digital VLSI Circuits course
(Prof. Amrutur) and the RF Systems Course (Prof. Vinoy) before
signing up for this course.
Frequencies and Applications
0.35 um
0.25 um
0.18 um
0.13 um
90/65/45 nm
Commercial CMOS Products
VHF/UHF
Broadcasting
1 GHz
10 GHz
Bluetooth
GSM/CDMA
850
GPS
60 GHz 802.15.3.3c
802.11a WLAN
GSM/CDMA
1900
100 GHz
UWB
24 GHz Radar 77 GHz Radar
Sub-THz imaging
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Many commercial applications span the 1-10 GHz frequency range.
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Higher f T s are pushing CMOS radios to higher frequencies, traditionally the
domain of SiGe or III-V semiconductors
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Many interesting research problems, plenty of employment !!!
An informal look at wireless
An iPod-nano Teardown....
http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20081016/159685/
..reveals many chips inside...
... including a Wireless LAN chip by Broadcom...
A more scientific look
A Broadcom 2.4 GHz WLAN Transceiver
S. Khorram et. al., “A Fully Integrated SOC for 802.11b in 0.18-m CMOS”, IEEE J. Solid State
Circuits, Dec. 2005. (Broadcom Paper)
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Architecture: zero-IF with on-chip LPF for channel selection. Superheterodyne/low-IF architecture not chosen due to filter constraints.
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Gain = 88 dB, BW = 8 MHz, Noise Figure = 4.8-5.8 dB, excluding T/R switch
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Integrated PA, T/R switch, RF Baluns and Baseband MAC
The Receiver
LNA with onchip balun
Active
Gilbert mixer
Wideband RSSI for
blocker estimation
5th order Active RC
LPF
Narrowband RSSI
for gain selection
8-b pipelined ADC
The Transmitter
Class AB stage with
balun for SE 50-Ohm
output
SSB mixers for
up-conversion
Filtering of Data
Converter image
frequency
Current steering DAC
for TX I/Q input
The Local Oscillator
Crystal oscillator for
Reference generation
Integer-N frequency
synthesis
Receiver Front-end
Programmable
baseband Amplifiers
LNA – Dominates
RX Noise Figure
5th order Active RC
LPF – 8 MHz BW
88 dB RX gain with 8 MHz BW
Received Signal
Strength Indicators
6-7 dB Noise Figure with T/R switch included
Transmitter Front-end
Out of Band Power due to
Harmonics and Spurs in LO
1-dB compression point
I/Q mismatch causes EVM
increase
Max. TX output power = 13 dBm
LO Generation and Distribution
1 MHz
channel
spacing
1.6 GHz VCO used to generate 2.4
GHz output – avoids LO Pulling
Integer-N frequency
synthesis
1.6 GHz divided to 800
MHz and mixed with itself –
provides 2.4 GHz. Spurs at
800 MHz and 4 GHz
Tuned buffers needed in
LO distribution
Low Noise Amplifier
Tuned output loads
Source degeneration for input
match
Cascode input stage for
gain, isolation, high
frequency performance
SE/Differential Conversion:
Attenuation causes NF increase
Measure signal
strength and adjust
pre-amp gain
Power Amplifier
Transformer
coupled, tuned
output stage
Pseudo-differential
cascodes
Gate-biasing for
optimum linearity
Key Transceiver Data: Receiver
Fix PER at 8% for
different data rates
• RX sensitivity = -88 dBm for 11 Mbps,
-93 dBm for 2 Mbps
• Noise figure can be deduced from
these sensitivity values
IIP3 = -15 dBm for
low gain, 6 dBm for
high gain
• Noise Figure dominates performance at
the lower end of the dynamic range
• Nonlinearities and non-ideal LO
behavior dominates the higher end of the
dynamic range
Key Transceiver Data: Transmitter
EVM Margin
Spectral Mask Compliance
What it Looks Like: The die-shot
Performance Summary
Next Class: RLC Networks