Transcript Micrologic P fonctionnement - Denmark Engineering web site

Understanding Micrologic
Contents
 Range
 Protection against overloads
 Protection against short-circuits
 Protection against insulation faults
 Hardware
 Metering
 Others functions
 Monitoring and/or protection of loads
 Load shedding and reconnection
 Programmable controller
 Harmonic
 Asic and microprocessor self-protection
Micrologic
Range
Micrologic 6. 0 P
Measurement type
version
Current protection type
Measurement type
Current protection type
Without
A
P
H
2 : Distribution L, I
2.0
2.0 A
5 : Selective L, S, I
5.0
5.0 A
5.0 P
5.0 H
6: Selective and ground fault
L, S, I, G
6.0 A
6.0 P
6.0 H
7 : Selective and earth leakage
L, S, I, V
7.0 A
7.0 P
7.0 H
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
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3
Protection against overloads
phases
LT setting
 Long-time protection (i²t) of the phases and the neutral
 Protect against premature ageing of cables
 Adjustable setting range using rating plugs

standard : 0.4 - 1, low : 0.4 - 0.8, High : 0.8 - 1, plug OFF
 Setting to within one Amp with keypad or
via Communication

Protection against risk of fire
8
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Protection against overloads
neutral conductor
 Neutral protection
 Adjustment :
 by three position dial on the 4th pole : 4P 3D, 3D+N/2, 4P 4D
 by keypad : OFF, 1/2, Full, 1.6 (3 pole breaker only)
 Settings :
 N/2 : IrN = 1/2 IrP, IsdN = 1/2 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP
 1.6N : IrN = 1.6 IrP, IsdN = 1.6 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP
 Oversized neutral protection
 protection against 3rd-order harmonics summed up in the neutral conductor
 3Pole breaker only
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Protection against overloads
3rd harmonic in neutral conductor
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Protection against overloads
IDMTL
 Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type
(Inverse definite minimum time lag)
 High voltage fuse
 Extremely inverse time
 Very inverse time
 Standard inverse time
 Definite time
Improvement of discrimination with HV fuses
Better protection of switchgears
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
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7
Protection against short-circuits
ST pick-up
ST delay
Inst.
pickup
 Short-time protection
 For low impedance short-circuits (80% of faults)
 I²t ON to improve discrimination with downstream protection, inverse time
protection up to 10Ir
 Instantaneous protection




For solid short-circuits
N1 and H1 breaker : OFF position inhibits the instantaneous protection
H2, H3 and L1 breaker : OFF postion = DIN value (shown on screen)
RMS measurement with 20ms fixed time delay
Protection against risk of damage
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Protection against short-circuits
Zone selective interlocking (ZSI)
 Principle :
 ZSI enables the control units to
communicate with each other. The system is
able to locate the short circuit or ground fault
and clear it.
 Functionning :
 ZSI allows the circuit breaker to ignore its
preset delay when necessary. The fault is
cleared by the nearest upstream circuit
breaker with no intentional time delay.
 Advantages :
 Faster tripping time without sacrificing
coordination
 Limitation of system stress by reducing
amount of let through energy.
Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected
whatever the configuration
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
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Protection against insulation faults
Ground fault
 Ground fault protection
 Micrologic 6.0P
 Made mandatory by NEC
 Residual current
Source Ground Return
Ig
Prevent risk of fire
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Protection against insulation faults
Earth leakage
New
 Earth-leakage protection




Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
Micrologic 7.0P
Mandatory per standards NFC 15100 and IEC 364
In a TT system, protects property against low level fault currents
In a TNS system, protects installations where long cables are installed
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11
Hardware
Principle and power supply
ZSI
M2C/M6C
ASIC
Mitop
Basic
protection L S I G V
Synchronous
Exchange data
Air CT
Isolation
Plugs :
Calibre/
perform.
Opto
Com
Iron CT
Trip unit
power supply
Standard Internal voltage sensor <690v
or
optional external voltage sensor for
µP power supply and measurement
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COM
Module
Microprocessor
Additional functions
(monitoring, measurement,
analyses...)
Optical
coupling
Power supply
Surplus
Optional external 24V DC power supply for :
programmable contact power supply and
when breaker is open :
•Powers display,
•Identification, adjustments through “Com” module
Test
kit
24V DC
BUS
power
supply
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12
Metering
Principle
Samples
Refresh
2 500,0
2 000,0
Sampling
1 500,0
1 000,0
Samples @ 625 µs
544µs
0,0
-500,0
-1 000,0
-1 500,0
-2 000,0
-2 500,0
0,0000
0,0020
0,0040
0,0060
0,0080
0,0100
0,0120
0,0140
0,0160
0,0180
0,0200
t (sec)
1s
Samples of 6 cycles (32 points per cycle)
2 500,0
2 000,0
1 500,0
1 000,0
500,0
I (Amps)
I (Amps)
500,0
0,0
-500,0
-1 000,0
-1 500,0
-2 000,0
-2 500,0
0,0000
0,0200
0,0400
0,0600
t (sec)
0,0800
0,1000
0,1200
1s Integration
Instant. data
15 s (sliding)
5 to 60 min Integration
Demand data
5..60 min (fixed)
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RMS measurement
 Sampling frequency :
 1838Hz
 One measurement point every
544µs
 36 points per cycle
10ms
 RMS value calculation
20ms
36
RMS 
 ( X ²)
1
36
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Others functions
Principle
Meter
Instant. data
Demand
Monitor
IRMS
P Q S
EP EQ
Iavg
Pavg
Min / Max
Thresholds
(pickup & dropout)
Max I1
:
Min f17
Programmable
Controller
Logging:
Data Logs
Historical Data
Maintenance Data
Relay Activation
M2C/M6C
Breaker trip
Mitop
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
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15
Demand measurements
fixed or sliding window
 fixed window
 Measurement of active reactive and
apparent power
 time intervals programmable
between 5mn and 1h
 values are refreshed at the end of
the time interval
 Sliding window
 Measurement of current and active
reactive and apparent power
 time intervals programmable
between 5mn and 1h
 values are refreshed every
15 sec
sliding
fixed
5mn to 1h
t
15s
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Power factor PF
 Power factor
 PF = P/S
P: active power
S: apparent power
apparent
power S
reactive power
Q
kVA
kvar
active
power P
kW
Nota : cos ф= P1/S1
P1 : Fundamental active power
S1 : Fundamental apparent power
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Power factor PF
Sign convention
Reactive Power
Reactive Power
Reactive Power
Watts -
Watts +
Watts -
Watts +
Watts -
Watts +
VArs +
VArs +
VArs +
VArs +
VArs +
VArs +
P.F +
P.F -
P.F +
P.F +
P.F -
P.F +
Active Power
Active Power
Active Power
Watts -
Watts +
Watts -
Watts +
Watts -
Watts +
VArs -
VArs -
VArs -
VArs -
VArs -
VArs -
P.F -
P.F +
P.F +
P.F -
P.F -
P.F +
IEEE :
IEEE altenate :
IEC :
PF sign = - Q sign(P/S)
PF sign = Q sign(P/S)
PF sign = sign(P/S)
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
based on current, voltage, power, frequency
• Current and voltage unbalance
• Maximum current (per phases & neutral)
• Minimum / maximum voltage
•
Minimum / maximum frequency
• Reverse power
• Phases rotation
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Principle of operation
variable
T1
Activation
threshold
T2
Deactivation
threshold
t
Alarm generated
by Micrologic
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Current unbalance ANSI 46
 Application
 Protect rotating machines (motors,
generators) operating on balanced threephase supplies against ageing and slowing
 Balance single-phase loads on threephase distribution systems
 Detect phase loss
 Principle
 the function compares the current
unbalance to the threshold previously set
by the user, for a time greater than the
time delay
 Example
 I1 = 2500A I2 = 4000A I 3 = 3400A
 Iaverage. = 3300A
 Emax = I1 - Iave. = 800A
 DI = Emax /Iaverage = 24%
I average
E max
I1
activation
threshold
activation time
delay
deactivation
threshold
deactivation
time delay
I2
I3
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
5% to 60% of I
average
1%
-10% to 0%
1 to 40s
1s
-20% to 0%
5% to activation
thresold
1%
-10% to 0%
10 to 3600s
1s
-20% to 0%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Maximum current per phase and N
 Application
 Obtain the maximum current
demand in the presence of major
load fluctuations (welding machines,
crushers, hoists)
 Principle
 This function calculates the
maximum demand value of the
current in each Ph and Neutral over
a sliding time interval.
 The interval can be adjusted
between five minutes and one hour.
 The value is refreshed every 15s
I max
demand
t1
t2
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
0.2In to In
1A
+/- 6.6%
15s to 1500s
15s
-20% to 10%
deactivation
threshold
0.2 In to activation
thresold
1A
+/- 6.6%'
deactivation
time delay
15s to 3000s
15s
-20% to 10%
activation
threshold
activation time
delay
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Voltage unbalance ANSI 47
 Application
 Protect loads against vibrations,
temperature rise and premature
ageing
 Principle
 The function compares the voltage
unbalance to the threshold
previously set by the user, for a time
greater than the time delay.
 Example
 U12 = 330v
 U23 = 390v
 U31 = 10V
 U average. = 243v
 Emax = U31 - U average. =233v
 DU = Emax /U average. = 96%
U average
E max
U12
activation
threshold
activation time
delay
deactivation
threshold
deactivation
time delay
U23
U31
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
2% to 30% of U
average
1%
-20% to 0%
1s to 40s
1s
-20% to 0%
2% to activation
threshold
1%
-20% to 0%
10s to 360s
1s
-20% to 0%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Minimum voltage ANSI 27
 Application
 Protect motors against voltage drops
resulting in loss of torque and a
major increase in the current drawn
by the motor
 Check the output voltage of a
generator…
 Principle
 The function is activated when one
of the phase to phase voltages is
below the threshold set by the user,
for a time greater than the time
delay.
 The function is desactivated when all
3 phase are above the threshold.
U12 U23 U31
Activation threshold
U min
U12 U23 U31
dectivation threshold
U min
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
100V to Umax
activation
threshold
5V
- 5% to 0%
activation time
delay
1.2s to 5s
0.1s
0 to 20%
deactivation
threshold
Activation
thresold to Umax
activation
threshold
5V
'- 5% to 0%
deactivation
time delay
1.2s to 36s
0.1s
0 to 20%
activation
threshold
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Minimum voltage ANSI 27
U
U max activation threshold
(maxi 1200V)
U min deactivation threshold
U min activation threshold
(mini 100V)
T2
T1
100V
Alarm
t
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Maximun voltage ANSI 59
 Application
 Protect loads (motor and
transformer) against abnormally high
voltages that can result in
irreversible damage
 Avoid saturation of transformers
 Principle
 The function is activated when one
of the phase to phase voltages is
above the threshold set by the user,
for a time greater than the time delay
 The function is desactivated when all
3 phases are under the threshold
U12 U23 U31
Activation threshold
U max
activation
threshold
U12 U23 U31
deativation threshold
U max
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
Umin activation
threshold to 1200V
5V
-0% to +5%
0.1s
0% to +20%
5V
-0% to 5%
0.1s
0% to +20%
activation time
1.2s to 5s
delay
deactivation
100V to activation
threshold
threshold
deactivation
1.2s to 36s
time delay
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Maximum voltage ANSI 27
U
1200V
T1
U max activation threshold
(maxi 1200V)
T2
Deactivation threshold
U min activation threshold
(mini 100V)
Alarm
t
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Reverse power ANSI 32P
t
 Application
 Protect diesel engines from generators
operating as motors
 marine applications, generator
sets…
 Avoid power transfers between two
parallel-connected sources
 Principle
 The function is activated when the active
power flowing in the direction opposite set
by the user is greater than the activation
threshold for a time greater than the time
delay.
Activation
Reconnection
Deactivation
Load
shedding
Reverse power
P kW
setting range
activation
5kW to 500kW
threshold
activation time
0.2s to 20s
delay
deactivation
5kW to activation
threshold
threshold
deactivation
1s to 360s
time delay
adjustment steps
accuracy
5kW
+/-2.5%
0.1s
0% to 20%
5kW
+/-2.5%
0.1s
0% to 20%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Minimum frequency ANSI 81
 Application
 Check the frequency of a generator
 Check the frequency across the
terminals of a motor
 Avoid saturation of transformers
following a drop in frequency
 Principle
 The function is activated when the
frequency exceeds the set threshold
for a time greater than the time delay
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
activation
threshold
45 to Fmax
activation
threshold
0.5Hz
+/-0.5Hz
activation time
delay
1.2s to 5 sec
0.1s
0% to 20%
deactivation
threshold
activation
threshold to Fmax
activation
threshold
0.5Hz
+/-0.5Hz
deactivation
time delay
1.2 to 36s
0.1s
0% to 20%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Minimum frequency ANSI 81
F
F max activation threshold
(maxi 540Hz)
T2
F min deactivation threshold
T1
F min activation threshold
(mini 45Hz)
45Hz
Alarm
t
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Maximum frequency ANSI 81
 Application
 Check the frequency of a generator
 Check the frequency across the
terminals of a motor
 Principle
 The function is activated when the
frequency exceeds the set threshold
for a time greater than the time delay
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
activation
threshold
Fmax activation
threshold to 540Hz
0.5Hz
+/-0.5Hz
activation time
delay
1.2s to 5 sec
0.1s
deactivation
threshold
45Hz to activation
threshold
0.5Hz
deactivation
time delay
1.2 to 36s
0.1s
0% to 20%
+/-0.5Hz
0% to 20%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Maximum frequency ANSI 81
F
540Hz
T1
F max activation threshold
(maxi 540Hz)
T2
F max deactivation threshold
F min activation threshold
(mini 45Hz)
Alarm
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Phase rotation
 Application
 Avoid reversed rotation of motors
 Check on coupling between generator and
distribution system (phase sequence)
 Principle
 The function compares the actual phase
sequence with the selected sequence
 Alarm only
 Not available if the 400 Hz frequency is set
F2
F1
F3
Range of adjustment
D F
activation time
delay
deactivation
time delay
F1,F2, F3 or F1 , F3 , F2
0.3s
0.3s
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Load shedding and reconnection
based on current
t
 Application
 Ensure the continuity of service of
priority circuits by disconnecting nonpriority loads
reconnection
 Principle
 The function is activated when the
current exceeds the set threshold for
a time greater than the time delay
shedding
I
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
50 to 100% of Ir
1%
+/-6%
20% to 80% of Tr
1%
-20%+0%
deactivation
threshold
30%Ir to activation
threshold
1%
+/-6%
deactivation
time delay
10s to 600s
1s
-20%+0%
activation
threshold
activation time
delay
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Load shedding and reconnection
based on power
P kW
 Application
 Ensure the continuity of service
of priority circuits by
disconnecting non-priority loads
10MW
 Principle
 The function is activated when
the power exceeds the set
threshold for a time greater
than the time delay
100 kW
Activation
Deactivation
t
Alarm
shedding
reconnection
setting range
adjustment steps
accuracy
200kW to 10MW
50kW
+/-2.5%
10s to 3600s
10s
-20%+0%
deactivation
threshold
100kW to
activation
threshold
50kW
+/-2.5%
deactivation
time delay
10s to 3600s
10s
-20%+0%
activation
threshold
activation time
delay
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Programmable controller
Alarms and relay outputs with distinct thresholds
 Alarm
 on supervisor via Com module
 activation and desactivation after a
programmable time delay
 M2C or M6C relay outputs
 without latching ==> follows the
state of the alarm
 with temporary latching
 programmable from 1s to
6mn
 with permanent latching ==> needs
a resetting
Activation
T1
Deactivation
T2
t
Alarm
Relays without latching
Relays with temporary
latching
Relays with permanent
latching
from 1s to 360s
possible Resetting
Reset
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Programmable controller
Alarms and relay outputs with identical thresholds
 Alarm
 on supervisor via Com module
 activation and desactivation after a
programmable time delay
 M2C or M6C relay outputs
 without latching ==> follows the
state of the alarm
 with temporary latching
 programmable from 1s to
6mn
 with permanent latching ==> needs
to be reset
Activation/
T1
T2
Deactivation
Alarm
Relays without latching
Relays with temporary
latching
Relays with permanent
latching
from 1s to 360s
possible resetting
Reset
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Harmonic
Definition
A periodic signal is a combination of :
 The original sinusoidal signal at the
fundamental frequency
 Other sinusoidal signals (the harmonics)
with frequencies that are whole-number
multiples of the fundamental frequency
 A DC component, where applicable
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38
Harmonic
Origin and effects
 Origin
Harmonics are caused by non linear loads such as :




Welding machines
arc/induction furnaces
Variable speed drive
office equipment (computer, copy machine, neon lighting…)
 Effects
The flow of harmonics in distribution systems can cause serious problems such as :




Increased currents (oversized neutral)
Additional losses and premature aging
Disturbances to loads due to voltage harmonics
Disturbances in communication networks
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39
Harmonic
Quality indicators
 These indicators are the indispensable tools used to determine any required corrective action :








Measurement of the fundamental
Phase displacement of the fundamental
Harmonic distorsion THD
cos ф, power factor
K factor, crest factor
Distorsion power, distorsion factor
Amplitude spectrum up to order 31 st
Displacement spectrum
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Harmonic
Total Harmonic Distortion
 Current THD%
 Current per phase
 Neutral current
 Voltage THD%
 Phase to phase voltage
 Phase - Neutral voltage
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Harmonic
Fast Fourier Transfert
 Current harmonics
 each phase plus neutral
 up to 31st order
 Voltage harmonics
 phase to phase
 phase to Neutral
 up to 31st order
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
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Harmonic
Waveform capture (WFC)
 Triggered manually




4 cycles
magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In]
magnitude V: [0- 690V]
64 points /cycle
 Triggered on event (alarm > 1s)




4 cycles (on supervisor)
magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In]
magnitude V: [0- 690V]
64 points /cycle
 triggered by a fault




11/13 cycles (50/60 Hz)
magnitude I : [ 0- 20 In]
magnitude V: [0- 690V]
18/15 points /cycle (50/60 Hz)
WFC available through the COM option only
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Asic and microprocessor self-protection
ASIC
Self protection :
- temperature
- power supply
deficiency
µPro
Data
exchange
reading
Asic
watchdog
Auto-test
µPro &
automatic
reset
Maintenance log
time recording :
Asic maxi temperature
ASIC error code
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Asic and microprocessor self-protection
 ASIC self protection
 resulting in a circuit breaker tripping :


excessive temperature >120°
ASIC power supply deficiency (overvoltage)
 Indication :



LED Ap « ON »
display of error code on LCD screen
Events log recording ===>supervisor
 µP self protection
 never trip the circuit-breaker



Memory check sum
Time-out
Detection by the µPro of a serial link failure between µP and the ASIC
 Indication :

Events log recording ===>supervisor (if communication still healthy)
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
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That ‘s all for today !
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN
46