Transcript - IEEE Mentor

Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Energy Harvesting Sensor Systems
A Proposed Application for 802.15.4f
Date: 2009-01-21
Authors:
Name
Affiliations Address
Phone
email
Frank Whetten
Boeing
206.852.8914
[email protected]
Submission
PO Box 3707
Seattle WA 98124
Slide 1
Frank Whetten (Boeing)
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Abstract
A new class of sensor and control systems, using the harvesting of
ambient energy to power the system are becoming increasingly
technologically mature
The current market environment for these sensor and control
systems is that of proprietary protocol stacks, which intrinsically
curtails interoperability
A robust standardized protocol stack, designed around extremely
low-power devices is needed
Submission
Slide 2
Frank Whetten (Boeing)
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Outline
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Submission
Objectives
Applications
Architectures
Challenges
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Energy Harvesting Objectives
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Submission
Reduce weight
Reduce cost of installation
Enable rapid introduction of new features
Enable rapid reconfiguration
With focus on
Low data rate applications
Eliminate “difficult” wires:
long runs, span moving joints, difficult access areas,
hostile environments
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
LARGE-SCALE
EFFECT
Space shuttle at liftoff (11 GW)
Typical realm of energy
regeneration
Boeing 747 at cruise (65 MW)
Very large wind turbine (5 MW)
Midsize automobile (112 KW)
SMALL-SCALE
EFFECT
1010
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
Submission
INFORMATION
TRANSFER
Power (Watts)
Examples of Power Generation and Consumption
Boeing noise reduction chevrons (2 kW)
150 lb human male running 8 minute mile (280 W)
Laptop computer (60 W)
Heel-strike energy harvesters (2 W)
Cell phone (600 mW)
AAA LED flashlight (100 mW)
MicroStrain, Inc. wireless sensor (45 mW)
Laser in a CD-ROM drive (5 mW)
U of W dimmable window (4 mW)
EnOcean wireless sensor (24 μ W)
Quartz wristwatch (1 μW)
Typical realm
of energy
harvesting
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Energy Harvesting Power Generation & Utilization
Harvesters
Average Power
1W
Consumers
Cell phone
Zigbee mesh network node
1 cm2 a-Si PV
in sun lit airplane pax window
100 mW
(w/ Rx from wireless sensor)
AAA LED flash light
Chipcon CC2500 radio (Tx mode)
1 in2 TEG on crease beam
10 mW
TEG stringer clip
6 mm2 TEG on hydraulic line
Large inductive vibe harvesters
Push button harvester
1 cm2 a-Si PV in blue sky
1 cm2 a-Si PV in cabin lighting
Wireless dimming window
TI MSP430 microprocessor (awake)
1 mW
100 µW
Wireless sensor @ 1 Hz
Push button transmitter
GSE monitoring sensor
(log data every 10sec, Tx 2X per day)
Small piezo beam vibe harvesters
10 µW
Chipcon CC2500 radio (asleep)
TI MSP430 microprocessor (asleep)
Sensor @ 2.8 hrs interval
Submission
1 µW
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Wireless Sensors
And Thermoelectric Stringer Clip
Submission
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Sensor Applications
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Structural health monitoring
– Corrosion
– Cracks
– Impact damage
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Flight Test
– Acceleration, strain, temperature, etc.
– Troubleshooting
Submission
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Thermoelectric Stringer Clip
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Generates several mW from ΔT
across insulation blankets in flight
– Cold side: -30ºC (structure)
– Warm side:
20ºC (air)
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Enables wireless sensors anywhere
on fuselage without batteries or wires
Submission
Patent Pending
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Thermoelectric Challenges
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Power management
– Boosting low voltages
– Optimizing impedance of boost circuit to support energy storage
INPUT
OUTPUT
 Boosts to 2.6V
 Requires start-up of 0.3 to 0.75 V depending on Output load
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Submission
Heat sink thermal efficiency versus weight optimization
Thermal interface material optimization
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Wireless Corrosion Sensor
And Vibration Harvester
Submission
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Corrosion Issues
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Submission
Corrosion costs aircraft industry $2.2 billion per year.*
– Unpredictable
– Difficult to access locations
– Current prevention programs rely on scheduled,
invasive visual inspections
– Causes unnecessary and costly aircraft downtime
Koch, G.H.,“Corrosion Cost and Preventive Strategies in the United States,” 2001.
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Self-Powered Wireless Sensors
vibrating structure
mechanical energy
Self-powered Wireless Corrosion Sensor
Accel. PSD
vehicle
corrosion sensor
low power
wireless transceiver
index
energy harvester
corrosion
data
frequency
time
Transmission interval
Transmission duration
4.5
Pristine sensor reading
first transmission
Corrosion Sensor Resistance [ohms]
44
1200
Vcap
Vout
Storage Cap Voltage
3.5
33
Voltage
Voltage (V)
2.5
22
1.5
Regulated Voltage
11
0.5
00
-0.5
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
Time (s)
120
100
120
Time (seconds)
140
140
160
160
Stored voltage builds up to provide short bursts of regulated voltage
Submission
180
180
200
1000
Sensor placed in
Nitric acid solution
800
600
Test
stopped
400
Severe corrosion
observed
200
0
0
1
2
3
4
Time [hrs]
5
Simulated corrosion sensor changes resistance when corroded
6
7
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Wireless Transceivers
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Submission
Wireless Transceiver
– Moteiv Tmote Sky transceiver
– Based on UC Berkeley design
– TinyOS operating system
– Programmed to power on, take a corrosion reading
and transmit report to a base station
USB Transceiver
Conclusions
– Was able to detect the onset of corrosion
– Wirelessly transmitted corrosion reports every 30 minutes while
powered exclusively by characteristic aircraft vibrations
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Vibration Harvesting Challenges
• Need broadband vibration harvesters
to support highly variable aircraft
vibration spectrum
Multi-Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
U.S. Patent No. 6,858,970
• Need low-power, wide area sensors to detection
corrosion or structural damage
• Need standardized communications protocol so
disparate devices can report through a common
communications channel
Submission
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Simplified Passenger
Services System
And Finger-Powered Transmitter
Submission
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Traditional Passenger Services System
Submission
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Traditional system architectures
are
– Complex
– Heavy
– Expensive
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IFE system required for basic
passenger services
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Traditional Passenger Services System
E/E Bay
PSC
LAC
OEU
OEU
OEU
OEU
OEU
light
switch
SEB
Submission
SEB
SEB
SEB
PESC
ADB
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Simplified Passenger Services System
Powered Passenger Service Unit
mounting rails
Finger-powered wireless Passenger Control Units
Submission
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Simplified Passenger Services System
Each seat group / PSU pair
form a mini wireless network
light
switch
Submission
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Simplified Passenger
Services System
BEFORE
Submission
AFTER
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Self-Powered Dimming Window
And Return Air Grill Thermal Harvesting
Submission
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
787 Dimmable Window
 787 Window
 70% larger than competition
 “View from every seat”
 Re-connect passenger to “magic of flight”
 Dimming Window Features
 Traditional slider doesn’t fit
 Greater control for passenger
 Reduced maintenance
 Allow cabin crew to operate dimming from central location
Submission
787
A330/A340
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Dimmable Window for Retrofit Market
 Open-circuit memory effect
 No power needed to hold state
 Power only needed to change state
 Low Power Control Circuitry
 Low power electronics
 Maximize use of sleep modes
 Wireless Flight Attendant control
System Power Consumption
Window
220 mW X 0.75% duty
Processor
15 mW X 5% duty
Radio
35 mW X 2.5% duty
Ave Power
Consumption
3.3 mW
Submission
Patent Pending
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Return Air Grill Thermoelectric Device
Cabin
Side Wall
Insulation
Blanket
Return Air Grill
Skin
Heat Sink
Cabin Floor
Thermoelectric
Element
Insulation Blanket
Submission
Patent Pending
Crease Beam
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Test Results
55mW @ 3.6 Ohms
30mW @ 160 Ohms
Submission
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Ultra-Low Power
Wireless Architectures
Submission
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Hybrid Star/Mesh Sensor Network
for Ultra-Low Power Sensors
ULPS
Infrastructure
Network
Node
Node
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
Gateway
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
ULPS
Node
Submission
Node
Sensor-to-Node
Node-to-Node
Node-to-Gateway
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Proposed (Fuzzy) Requirements
• Very low energy requirements
– Power consumption should be minimized, but is not key
criterion
• Layer 1 & 2 security required
– Ensure only authorized devices associate with wireless
backbone network
• Minimal “keep-alive” network traffic required
– Network nodes may only transmit once in multiple days
• Frame length sufficient for adequate reports
– Variable payload size desired
• Frequency independent (highly desired)
– Specialized or high-criticality applications are unlikely to use
unlicensed spectrum
Submission
Slide 30
Frank Whetten (Boeing)
Doc.:IEEE 802.15-09/0074-00-004f
Thank You
Submission