Transcript new_electricity3

ELECTRICITY
for kitchens & baths
Electricity
Amber
Electricity
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We know that electricity behaves in a consistent predictable
manner, in given situations, but electricity has never clearly
been defined.
Atoms –neutrons, protons and electrons
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Atoms are neutrally charged
Most of the weight of an atom is found in the protons and
neutrons.
Protons are more or less attached to the nucleus
Electrons revolve around the nucleus like planets revolve around
the sun
Electricity
Atom
Electricity
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Some electrons, particularly in metals are loosely
bound and can detach and become “free electrons”
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Free electrons as the name implies can move freely
from atom to atom
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When a force or pressure is applied free electrons
begin to move
Electricity
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The materials that allow this movement are called
CONDUCTORS
The three metals that make the best conductors:
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Silver
Copper
Aluminum
Electricity
Copper Atom
Electricity
Silver atom
Electricity
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Insulators or Non Conductors:
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Dry Wood
Glass
Rubber
Mica
Asbestos
Semi-Conductors:
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Silicon
Electricity
Charged Bodies
 Like charges repel
 Unlike charges attract
Electricity
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Electrical energy is transferred through conductors
by means of movement of free electrons
A material’s ability to conduct current flow
determines whether it is a good or bad conductor
Electricity
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Voltage
Amperage (current)
Resistance (Ohms)
Wattage (power)
Terms
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+
+
like chargesrepel
-
+
opposite chargesattract
Electricity
The force that moves electrons in a conductor can be
called
 VOLTAGE
Electricity
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Current that flows through
electrical conductors is directly
proportional to the difference
in potential
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Current is directly proportional
to the amount of voltage
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Voltage increases – current
increases
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Voltage decreases-current
decreases
voltage
Electricity
voltage
Six Methods of Producing Voltage
 Friction – Static electricity
 Pressure – Compression of crystals
 Heating – In copper, electrons move away from the heat. In
iron they move to the heat.
 Light – Photoelectric cells
 Chemical Action - Batteries
 Magnetism
Electricity
charge
What is Charge?
The stuff inside conductors
It’s the free electrons
How do we measure charge?
1 Coulomb = 6.28 x 1018 electrons
6,280,000,000,000,000,000
Ampere = 1 coulomb of charge flow per second
Electricity
charge
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copper wire
The copper wire is full of
“charged stuff” but there is
no movement
Electricity
charge
battery
-
+
+
charge
-
battery
Electricity
The battery drives the ring of charge into motion, the charge
moves along like a drive belt, and the light bulb filament
“rubs” against the moving charge which makes it glow white
hot.
Electricity
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charge
The higher the amperage the faster charge stuff moves
The more charge stuff that flows (though a larger wire)
the higher the amperage
A fast flow through a narrow wire can have the same
amps as a slow flow of charge through a bigger wire.
If you keep the speed constant and increase the size of
the wire you also increase the amperage
Electricity
watts
Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what
flows?
Energy
Energy is measures in joules
A joule of electrical energy can move from place to
place along the wires.
The amount of energy that flows in one second is one
watt
Electricity
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btu’s
BTU short for British thermal unit, a British standard unit of
energy. One Btu is equal to the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1
degree Fahrenheit at its maximum density, which occurs at
a temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahrenheit. One Btu is equal
to approximately 251.9 calories or 1055 joules.
As a rough guide, 1 joule is the absolute minimum amount
of energy required (on the surface of Earth) to lift a one
kilogram object up by a height of 10 centimetres.
Electricity
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closed circuits
A closed loop of wire is not necessarily a circuit
unless voltage is present.
In any electric circuit where electrons move around,
three things are present:
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Voltage
Current
Resistance
Electricity
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closed circuits
The physical pathway for current flow is actually the
circuit and it’s resistance controls the amount of
current flow around the circuit.
By knowing any two of the three quantities, the
third can be calculated.
Electricity
Ohms Law – The current in a
circuit is directly proportional
to the applied voltage and
indirectly proportional to the
circuits resistance.
I = current measured in amperes
(amps)
E = Voltage
R = Resistance in Ohms
ohms law
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E
I
R
E
I
R
E  IR
E
R
I
ohms law
+
Electricity
-
battery
Battery = 1.5 volts
Resistance = 1.5 ohms
Amperes = ?
Amperes = 1
E
I
R
1.5
I
1.5
ohms law
+
Electricity
-
battery
Battery = 3 volts
Resistance = 1.5 ohms
Amperes = ?
Amperes = 2
E
I
R
3
I
1.5
ohms law
+
Electricity
-
battery
Battery = 1.5 volts
Resistance = 3 ohms
Amperes = ?
Amperes = .5
E
I
R
1.5
I
3
Electricity
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ohms law
Another way of writing ohms law:
E
I
R
Electricity
watts
Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what
flows?
Energy
Energy is measures in joules
A joule of electrical energy can move from place to
place along the wires.
The amount of energy that flows in one second is one
watt
Electricity
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watts
Power pertains to the rate at which work is being
done.
Work is done whenever a force causes motion
i.e. when voltage causes electrons to move in a circuit work
is done
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The rate at which this work is done is called the
electric power rate and is measured in WATTS
Electricity
watts power
Watts = the amount of voltage across a circuit x the
current through the circuit
or
Watts = Volts x Amperes
or
P= EI
Electricity
E
I
R
1
1
1
P  EI
watts power
E
I
R
2
2
1
P  EI
P  2 2
P  1WATT
P  4WATTS
Electricity
E
I
R
3
I
1.5
I 2
P  EI
P  3 2
P  6WATTS
watts power
E2
P
R
32
P
1.5
9
P
1.5
P  6WATTS
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watts power
2
E
P
R
E  10volts
R  1ohm
P  100watts
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watts power
PI R
2
I  10amps
R  1ohm
P  100watts
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watts power
15amp circuit *120volts =1800watts
100watt bulb*10 =1000watts
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What you need to remember
Voltage – The force that moves electrons in a
conductor. Electrical pressure
Amperage – The rate of flow of electrical current.
Watts – The measure of the amount of electrical
power.
Watts = Volts X Amps
Kitchen Electricity Circuits
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Four types of circuits for the Kitchen
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General Lighting
Small Appliance
Individual Appliance
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
Electricity Circuits
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General Lighting – rules of thumb
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One 15 amp circuit per 600 square feet
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Rule of thumb – 12 outlets
Or one 20 amp circuit per 800 square feet
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Rule of thumb – 16 outlets
Note: Lights in kitchens and baths must be permanently
wired.
Kitchen Electricity Circuits
Receptacle Circuits – Rule of thumb
 12 receptacles for a 15-amp circuit
 16 receptacle for a 20-amp circuit
 Small appliance circuits
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Two 20-amp circuits
One or more 20-amp circuits in the dining room or
family room
These circuits may not be used for lighting
Electricity
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circuits
Individual Appliance Circuits are dedicated to
devices that draw enough current to warrant their
own circuit.
Electricity
Appliance
circuits
Voltage
Breaker Capacity Amps
Garbage Disposer
120
20
Electric Range/Cooktop
Gas Range/Cooktop
Dishwasher
Electric Tankless
Hot Water
Refrigerator
Microwave Oven
Exhaust Fan
240
120
120
50
20
20
240
120
120
120
30
20
20
20
Electricity
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circuits
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter circuits are required for
receptacles within 6 feet of a water source, such as a faucet
or showerhead.
Most receptacles mounted above a kitchen countertop or
bath lavatory fall into that category.
Receptacles that serve countertops must be spaced 4’ apart
For Universal Design place receptacles serving countertop
spaces lower than 44” AFF.
Electricity
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Wiring
Island receptacles no more than 12” below the
countertop surface.
Smoke detectors at least 12’ from kitchen
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Kitchen Wiring
Kitchen Wiring
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Dedicated circuit for the dishwasher
Dedicated circuit for the disposer
Dedicated circuit for built-in microwaves
At least two 20 amp dedicated small appliance circuits for the
outlets serving the countertops
All outlets serving the countertop surface to be GFCI protected
Dedicated range/cooktop/oven circuits
Lighting Circuit
General receptacles for the room 6’ from the doorway and then
every 12’
Electricity
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Bath Wiring
All Receptacles on dedicated circuit (GFCI)
One Receptacle installed within 36” of the sink
(GFCI)
No receptacles placed within the tub or shower
space.
No switches can be located within reach of a person
standing in the tub or shower, unless part of a listed
tub or shower assembly
Electricity
Bath Wiring
Special Needs
 Hard wire electric towel warmers or lighted or lighted
magnifying mirrors
 Individual circuits for electrical resistance heaters and
electric floor heat
 Wiring for ceiling heaters and ventilation systems
 Individual circuit for spas, whirlpools, steam showers, some
toilets and bidets
 Hard wire anti-fog mirrors behind glass
 Cloths washer/dryer
Electricity
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Outdated Wiring
The house is over 30 years old
A fuse box
100 Amp breaker panel
Ungrounded
Aluminum wire
Electricity
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Outdated Wiring
No GFCI’s are not present
Lights flicker when appliances cycle
Fuses blow
Too few switches and receptacles or lights present
Extension cords must be used
Electricity
wire types
Electricity
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15 Amp Circuit – 14 gauge
20 Amp Circuit – 12 gauge
30 Amp Circuit – 10 gauge
40 Amp Circuit – 8 gauge
50 Amp Circuit – 6 gauge
Wiring Size
Electricity
wire
Electricity
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circuits
Adding Circuits to the Breaker Panel
Consult your electrician
Electrical Codes
Codes for Kitchens
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Countertop receptacles every 4’-0”
24
48
48
24
Codes for Kitchens
Sinks, stoves, & cooktops act divide
countertops
27
27
54
36
54
Plug Strips
Codes for Kitchens
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Receptacles no higher than 20” above countertop
Receptacles no more than 12” below countertop
Codes for Kitchens
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Islands must be served by at least one receptacle
96
Codes for Kitchens
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Peninsulas are measured from the connecting edge
48
48
24
48
Power Grommet
Codes for Kitchens
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Receptacles serving countertops must be on 2
dedicated 20amp circuits and must be GFCI
protected.
They must also serve the dining room and pantry if
applicable.
Lighting may not be included in these curcuits
Codes for Baths
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At least one receptacle within 3’-0” of the outside
edge of each basin
Vertical location same as kitchen
This receptacle cannot be inside a medicine cabinet
Receptacle must be powered by a 20 amp circuit
with no other outlets. May serve two bathrooms and
may power an exhaust fan and lighting provided it
does not exceed the load max.
Must be GFCI protected
Codes for Baths
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No receptacles over a bathtub or
inside a shower stall.
Electrical Symbols
Electricity
outlet symbols
SINGL E R EC EP T A C L E O UT L ET
SINGL E R EC EP T A C L E O UT L ET
Electricity
outlet symbols
D UP L EX R EC EPT A C L E O UT L ET
SP L IT - C IR C UIT
WP
WEA T HER PR O O F
R EC EP T A C L E
O UT L ET
Electricity
EL EC T R IC R A NGE/
C O O K T O P O UT L E T
symbols
Electricity
outlet symbols
FL O O R SING L E
R EC EP T A C L E
O UT L ET
FL O O R D O UB L E
R EC EP T A C L E
O UT L ET
Electricity
outlet symbols
G R O UND FA UL T C IR C UIT
INT ER UP T ER R EC EP T A C L E
O UT L ET
F
G FC I
FA N O UT L ET
Electricity
outlet symbols
SP EC IA L P UR P O SE O UT L ET
WIR ED D IR EC T
DW
HEA T L A MP
Electricity
WA L L SC O NC E
lighting symbols
Electricity
T R A C K L IG HT ING
lighting symbols
Electricity
HA NG ING C EIL ING FIX T UR E
lighting symbols
Electricity
lighting symbols
LO W V O LTA GE
T R A NSFO R M ER
T
L
B UIL T - IN L O W V O L T A GE
T A S K L IG HT
Electricity
R EC ESS ED C EIL ING
V A P O R L IG HT
lighting symbols
Electricity
T EL EV IS IO N
O UT L ET
TV
lighting symbols
CA B LE
O UT L ET
C
Electricity
B UIL T - IN FL UO R ES C ENT
T A S K L IG HT
lighting symbols
Electricity
R EC ESS ED C EIL ING
D O WN L IG HT ING
lighting symbols
Electricity
symbols
C L O C K HA NG ER
R EC EP T A C L E
C
special purpose
Electricity
symbols
FA N
R EC EP T A C L E
special purpose
T EL EPHO NE O UT L ET
F
INT ER C O M
Electricity
symbols
special purpose
T HER MO ST A T
G A S S UP P L Y
G
T
SMO K E D ET EC T O R
Electricity
symbols
HEA T R EGIS T ER
special purpose
Electricity
switch symbols
S
Single pole switch
S2
S3
S4
Double pole switch
SD M
Single pole switch w/
dimmer
Three way switch
w/dimmer
S3 D M
Three way switch
Four way switch