Transcript Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom

Unit 2:
How does animal structure enable life functions?
• Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an
organism
• Physiology is the study of the biological
functions an organism performs
• Form and function are closely correlated
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Bodies
• Cells form a functional animal body through
emergent properties that arise from levels of
structural and functional organization
• Cells are organized into
– Tissues, groups of cells with similar appearance and
common function
– Organs, different types of tissues organized into
functional units
– Organ systems, groups of organs that work together
How do living life forms (active) compare
with non-living life forms (inactive)?
Life Processes
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Circulation (Intra- and Extracellular Transport)
Regulation (Endocrine and Nervous)
Reproduction (asexual and sexual)
Nutrition (Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption,
Egestion)
Excretion (Metabolic)
Respiration (aerobic and/or anaerobic)
Growth (Mitosis)
Synthesis (Biochemistry)
Objective:
For each life process, describe the anatomical
structures that enable physiological function
throughout the animal kingdom.
How have these structures evolved
throughout evolutionary history?
Evaluate examples of disruptions to
homeostasis for each life process.
Table 32.1
Radiata
Parazoa
Deuterostomia
Eumetazoa
Metazoa
Ancestral colonial
flagellate
Protostomia
Bilateria
Nematoda
Nemertea
Rotifera
Arthropoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Platyhelminthes
Chordata
Echinodermata
Brachiopoda
Ectoprocta
Phoronida
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Porifera
Kingdom Animalia
contains the Metazoans.
How are the metazoans different from
other organisms (i.e.. plants, fungi,
protists, bacteria)
In evolutionary history, life began in
the oceans with simple, organic, freeliving cells.
Organisms became more complex as
life transitioned from water to land.
Comparative anatomy and physiology
explores the evolution of tissue
differentiation, organs, and organ
systems over time.
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
How is a zygote formed?
Embryonic development
Embryonic Germ Layers
Diploblastic- 2 layers
-ectoderm and endoderm
-no mesoderm
-ex. Cnidarians, Porifera (sponges)
Triploblastic- 3 layers
-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
-all animals with bilateral symmetry
Why is germ layer differentiation an
evolutionary advantage for animals?
Embryonic Germ Layers
ectoderm
-outer layer
-forms animal’s outer covering, in
some phyla central nervous system
endoderm
-inner layer
-forms lining of digestive tract, in
vertebrates forms liver, lungs
Coelom
Archenteron
Coelom
Mesoderm
Blastopore
Blastopore
Mesoderm
mesoderm
-between ectoderm/endoderm in
triploblast
-forms muscles between digestive
tract and animal’s outer covering
During gastrulation, the blastopore is a
structure to pay attention to.
Embryonic development
If the blastopore becomes a mouth,
then the animal is characterized as a
protostome.
If the blastopore becomes the opening
of an anus, the animal is characterized
as a deuterostome.
Embryonic Cleavage:
Determinate (Protostomes) vs. Indeterminate (Deuterostome)
e.g. In humans, the first few divisions are indeterminate. If cells in the
embryo separate within the first divisions, the result is identical twins.
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
Label objects as having radial, bilateral,
or asymmetrical lines of symmetry.
Body symmetry and degrees of
cephalization co-evolved in the animal
kingdom (see Echninoderms and see if
this statement holds).
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
Why do the highlighted organisms
demonstrate higher degrees of
cephalization compared to the unhighlighted?
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
Alimentary Canal
Two-way digestive plan
One-way digestive plan
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity.
What is the advantage of having a
cavity with fluid, in regards to organ
system organization?
How is a pseudocoelomate different
from a coelomate?
Characteristics of the
Animal Kingdom
• Tissue Organization (1)
– True tissue or absence of true tissue
• Embryonic Development (2)
– Diploblastic or Triploblastic
– Protostome or Deuterostome
• Symmetry
– Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral
• Cephalization (3)
• Body Plan
– Sac plan, Tube-in-a-tube
• Coelom (4)
– Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate
• Segmentation (5)
– Segmented or Non-segmented
Define segmentation using these examples.
Justify why we would expect to see
evidence of segmentation in organisms
with higher degrees of cephalization?
Summary:
How has the animal kingdom evolved
over time, with respect to complexity
of systems and habitat?