Transcript Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia
Major Animal Phyla
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Porifera
 Cnidaria
 Phatyhelminthes
 Nematoda
 Rotifera
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Mollusca
 Annelida
 Arthropoda
 Echinodermata
 Chordata
Major Chordata classes
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Agnatha
 Chondrichthyes
 Ostiechthyes
 Amphibian
 Reptilia
 Aves
 Mammalia
Major Mammalia Orders
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Monotremes
 Marsupials
 Placentals
Essential Functions
of Animal Life
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Feeding (Digestive system)
 Respiration (Respiratory system)
 Internal transport (Circulatory system)
 Excretion (Excretory system)
 Response (Nervous sysytem)
 Movement (Skeletal/ Muscular sysytem)
Kingdom Animalia
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All animals are multicellular.
All animals are heterotrophic.
Dominant generation in the life cycle is the
diploid generation.
Most animals are motile during at least some part
of their life cycle.
Most animals undergo a period of embryonic
development during which two or three layers of
tissues form.
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
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Tissue complexity
– Eumetazoa- cells organized into tissues
 Three germ layers
– Ectoderm- outer layer
– Mesoderm- middle layer
– Endoderm- inner layer
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Diploblastic- two germ layers
Triploblastic- three germ layers
– Parazoa- cells are not organized into true
tissues and organs do not develop.
Embryonic Development
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Fertilization
 Cleavage
– Zygote begins a series of cleavage divisions, rapid cell
divisions without cell growth.
– Blastomeres = resulting cells
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Morula= solid ball of cells from successive
cleavage divisions
 Blastula= liquid fills the morula creating a
hollow sphere of cells.
– Cavity is called blastocoel.
Embryonic Development
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Gastrula (gastrulation)
– Occurs when a group of cells move inward
into the blastula.
– Forming a two-layer embryo with an
opening from the outside into a center cavity
– Third layer forms between the outer layer
and inner layer.
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Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Embryonic Development
– Archenteron
 Center cavity formed by gastrulation
 Completely surrounded by endoderm cells
– Blastopore
 Opening into the archenteron
 It becomes the mouth in protostomes
 It becomes the anus in deutrostomes
Embryonic Development
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Extraembryonic membrane development
– In birds, reptiles, and mammals
– Chorion – outer membrane
 Birds & reptiles it acts as a membrane for gas
exchange
 Mammals- it implants into the endometrium and
later together with maternal tissue, forms the
placenta.
– Placenta- gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged
Embryonic Development
– Amnion- encloses the amniotic cavity, a fluid-
filled cavity that cushions the developing
embryo.
– Yolk sac- birds and reptiles
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Membrane that digests the enclosed yolk
Blood vessels transfer the nutrients to the
developing embryo
Embryonic Development
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Organogenesis
– Cells continue to divide after gastrulation and start to
differentiation (cell differentiation)
– Development of organs is organogenesis.
– Chordate characteristics
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Notochord- stiff rod that provide support in lower chordates
– Cells along the dorsal surface of the mesoderm germ layer form
the notochord.
– In higher chordates, the vertebrea are formed from nearby cells
in the mesoderm
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Neural tube- formed from ectodermal cells directly above the
notochord
– Neural plate is formed first, indents forming the neural groove,
then rolls up into a cylinder, the neural tube.
– The neural tube develops into the Central nervous System
Embryonic Development
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Ectoderm
– Skin, Nervous system, Teeth, Bones
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Endoderm
– Digestive tract and organs derived from it, such as the
liver and lungs of vertebrates
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Mesoderm
– Muscles and most other organs between the digestive
tube and the outer covering of the animal
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
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Body Symmetry
– Radial symmetry
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Only one orientation
– Front and Back or Top and Bottom
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Circular body patterns
– Bilateral symmetry
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Dorsal (top)
Ventral (bottom)
Anterior (head)
Posterior (tail)
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
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Cephalization
– A progressively greater increase in nerve
tissue concentration at the anterior end
(head) as organisms increase in complexity
– Example
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Brains have developed with accessory sensory
organs for seeing, smelling, tasting, and feeling.
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
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Gastrovascular cavity
– Areas where food is digested
– One opening
– Two openings
 Digestive tract
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
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Coelom
– A fluid-filled cavity that develops from
mesodermal tissue during embryonic
development in more advanced animals.
– Cushions the internal organs and allows for
their expansion and contraction.
– Acoelomate- lack a coelom
– Pseudocoelomate- cavity that is not completely
lined by mesoderm-derived tissue.
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
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Segmentation
– Segmented body parts
Animal Diversity
variations in the following characteristics
Characteristics Protostome
Early cleavages Slight angle
(spiral cleavage)
First infolding
of archenteron mouth
forms
Coelom
Split in tissue at
develops from
sides of
anchenteron
Deuterostome
Straight down
(radial cleavage)
anus
Outpounching
of archenteron
wall