Transcript Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System
Venus De Milo
And all its many parts.
(last chapter in the book in
case you were wondering)
Birth of Venus
How she became girly…
Estrogen- released from ovaries.
Enlarges ovaries, vagina, uterus, and
fallopian tubes.
Maintains secondary sex
characteristics. Breasts and fat for
curves
Progesterone
In ovaries. Causes changes in
uterus. Helps maintain endometrium.
Also maintains pregnancy and
prepares breasts for milk.
The Duct System
Ovary. Floats freely. Contains and
matures eggs.
Part of the Endocrine system.
Secretes Estrogen.
Ovulation
Fallopian Tube- 4in/10cm long
No contact between Ovary and Fallopian
tubes.
When ovary expels the Oocyte the
fimbriae or ends of the fallopian tube
capture it. Eggs can get lost here in the
peritoneal cavity
Carried by peristalsis by cilia that line the
fallopian tube. (3-4 Days)
*Gonorrhea spread from the fallopian
tubes into the peritoneal cavity= PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and leads to
infertility by closing fallopian tubes.
Uterus
Receives, retains and nourishes egg.
Pear shaped before pregnancy
3 layers
Endometrium – Egg implants here. Sloughs off
monthly
Myometrium- middle layer- smooth muscle=
contractions
Epimetrium- outer layer
Outlet is the cervix
Cancer of the Cervix detected by a pap
smear. Caused by human papilloma virusSTD
Vagina
3-4 inches long= birth canal
Hymen closes at distal end.
Humans tilts forward.
Endometriosis: When endometrial
tissue forms outside of the uterus.
Can cause infertility and severe
menstrual pain.
Examples shown:
Appendix
The Hormone Cycle
Oogenesis and Ovarian cycle
Oogenesis- making of female sex cells
(eggs)
700,000 most present at time of birth
400-500 used per lifetime
During puberty FSH is used to stimulate
eggs into maturing. FSH swells follicle to
10mm.
1 follicle develops at a time, 1st polar
body made (1st meiotic division).
Figure16.10
Continues until menopause ~ age 50.
Menstrual Cycle
Day 1-5 Mensus. Lasts 3-5 days.
Blood loss is ¼ to ½ cup. *Iron pills
important.
Pg. 493
Menstrual
Cycle
Explained
Cycle Charts
Days 6-14
Endometrium, glands, and blood supply
increase. Estrogen (produced by
follicles on the ovary) and LH peak day
12 + 13 =
Ovulation Day 14. Follicle is like a boil
on the ovary. LH causes it to rupture
and the egg is released= ovulation.
Used follicle becomes the Corpus
Luteum= secretes progesterone.
Mature follicles not ovulated
deteriorate.
Check of Estrogen Levels for
fertility.
Using Saliva Ovulation Predictors
(Saliva Fertility Tests)
The egg
Released egg is Large, Non-motile,
Full of food. Lives 24hrs on average.
Still has to go through the last meiotic
division.
Becomes 1N only when sperm
penetrates. Pg 489
In the fallopian tube it is fertilized and
becomes a blastula.
Days 15-28
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
Progesterone = increase in blood
supply and nutrients to the uterus,
increases blood vessels and glands.
If not fertilized the corpus luteum
disintegrates.
Endometrium spasms and kinks
eventually dying without its blood
supply.
How fast does this happen?
Menstrual cycle can be as fast as 21
days long and as long as 40.
There are exceptions to everything.
Mammary glands- all mammals have em’.
Mammary glands- present in both
sexes.
Modified sweat glands and part of the
skin.
15-25 lobes radiate around each nipple.
Lobes are subdivided into lobules
which contain alveolar glands.
Alveolar glands produce milk when a
woman is lactating.
Lactiferous ducts open to the outside
of the nipple.
How to do a self breast
Exam. Both Men and women
Should do these!
Mammography- The dreaded ritual
Breast cancer- leading cause of death in
American Women
Men die at a higher % than women
Signs: Changes in: skin texture,
puckering, leakage of nipple, hot areas,
new lumps
Prevention: Monthly breast exams- men
too!
Mammography: X-ray of breast beginning
age 40. Every 2 yrs.
Mammogram
Procedure
Pregnancy and Development:
Remember eggs last 12-14 hrs and sperm lasts 12-72 hrs
Egg sends “homing hormones” to direct
the sperm. Takes 1-2 hours for sperm
to complete the journey up uterine tube.
Acrosomes- lysosomes on head of
sperm break down egg. = Fertilization
Concept
To
Birth
What happens to the egg?
Zygote= egg & sperm combine
Cleavage= Egg splits into 2 cells
Blastula= a hollow ball of cells
Gastrula= caved in blastula with 3
layers
Ectoderm = skin and nerves
Mesoderm= muscles, bones,
reproductive sys.
Endoderm= Intestine, Respiratory sys.
Fetal
Development
Cleavage, Blastula, Gasturla,
Fetus
Overview
Of
Development
And then?
3 days after ovulation- floating down
fallopian tube into uterus
Day 7 implantation
Blastula secretes LH like hormone.
Stops the corpus luteum from
disintegrating. Keeps producing
progesterone.
We have barely begun (in making life.)
After Implantation blastulocyte and
endometrium form placenta. Functions
around the third week.
2nd Month it produces the hormones
(progesterone) not the corpus luteum
How pregnancy
Tests work
And then it became a fetus.
Amniotic sac surrounds the embryo
Umbilical cord connects embryo to
uterus
Week 8 embryo looks human.
Week 9 embryo is considered a fetus
270th day = full term. Ready to be born.
Overview of
Ultrasound
Effects of Pregnancy on Mother
Crowded abdominal organs
Ribs flare- thorax widens
Changes a women's center of gravityback ache
Relaxin- hormone causes ligaments
to relax and ease birth canal=
pregnancy waddle
Effects on the systems of the body
GI System
Morning sickness= elevated progesterone and
estrogen levels. Takes time to acclimate.
Heartburn displaced esophagus and stomach
Constipation displaced intestine
Urinary System
Increase in urine because of baby & bladder is
compressed.
More Effects….
Respiratory System:
Nasal passageways = stuffiness
Difficulty breathing= displacement
Circulatory System:
High blood pressure and pulse rate
25 -> 40% more H2O. Safeguards against
blood loss in birth.
Increase in varicose veins. Uterus presses
pelvic blood vessels.
Childbirth
Around 15 days of due date.
Increase in estrogen (peaks).
Increases oxytosin= contractions.
Braxton Hicks Contractions= false labor
Hypothalamus is activated. Positive
feedback system.
Aspirin and ibuprofen=
antiprostaglandins can inhibit labor
Stages of Labor
Dilation= 10 cm 6-12 hours
Expulsion= 20min- 2 hrs
Head first- breath quickly
Breech- butt first
C-section- if baby is in danger (O2)
Placental= 15min after birth
Postpartum bleeding- all afterbirth not
removed.
Overview of
Childbirth
The control of birth: surgical
methods first
Tubal ligation (female)
Cutting, Cauterizing, or banding the
uterine tubes
Vasectomy (male)
Cutting or Cauterizing the vas
deferens
33% Chose these methods. Usually
permanent
Non-medical methods
Coitus interruptus - withdrawal before
ejaculation. –Highly problematic.
Mistakes occur and some semen is
expelled before ejaculation.
Rhythm method- abstinence during
ovulation. Can use body temperature
index. (body temp raises .6 deg F
during ovulation). Can also use
microscopes for “fern pattern”.
Mechanical barriers: prevent
sperm from entering female
reproductive tract.
Condom: thin latex sheath placed over
erect penis.
Diaphragm: cup-shaped device with a
flexible rim covers the cervix. Must be
fitted by a physician, used with
spermacide, left in position for several
hours following intercourse, and be put
in properly.
Chemical barriers
Creams, foams, and jellies with
spermicidal properties.
One of the least effective.
Waiting period.
Oral contraceptives
THE PILL- contains synthetic
estrogen and progesterone- body
thinks its pregnant.
Prevents ovulation.
100% effective if used as
recommended.
Side effects in some women: nausea,
bloating, tenderness, moodiness
Should not be used if you are a
smoker
Contraceptive implants
Norplant- 6 silicone rods that release
progestin for 5 years.
Depo-Provera- injection every 3
months.
Problems: some women continually
menstruate. Others menstruate not at
all.
Intrauterine devices (IUD’s)
Small solid objects often with exposed
copper parts.
Physician implants in uterus.
Prevents embryo from implanting
because the uterus has an
inflammatory response.
Must be checked periodically by a
physician.
Can have serious negative health
effects.
After the incident
RU486: abortion pill. First 7 weeks.
Causes intense uterine contractions.
Induces miscarriage.
MAPS-morning after pill (1-72 hrs
after unprotected sex) . Prevents the
embryo from implanting.