Transcript Ethics Part II

PART TWO
ETHICAL THEORY
INTRODUCTION
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Moral Theory
Assessment of Ethical Theories
Moral Theories and Real People
Use
ASSUMPTIONS
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Introduction
Prescriptivity
Universalizability
Overridingness
Public
Practicality
VIRTUE THEORY
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Introduction
Defined
Proponents
Appeal
CONFUCIUS
• Background
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Life
Rituals and Values
The Analects
Impact
ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS
• The Virtues
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Respect for Authority
Master Tseng’s Three Points of Examination
A Young Man’s Duty
Four Virtues
How to Act
Nine Cares of the Gentleman
• Goodness
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Good & Goodness
Wealth & Goodness
Goodness & Happiness
Moral Force
CONFUCIUS’ DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
• Equilibrium & Harmony
• Equilibrium
• Perfection
• The Mean
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Virtue
Why the path of the mean is not walked
Why the path of the mean is not understood
Shun’s Wisdom
Hui
• Virtues
• Virtues
• The Path
DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
• Duties & Virtues
• Five Duties of Universal Obligation
• The Virtues by Which the Five Duties are Practiced
• Acquiring Knowledge of Duties
• Sincerity
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What is Sincerity?
Attaining Sincerity
Intelligence & Sincerity
One who possesses sincerity
Sincerity & Completion
DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
• The Superior Man
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The Superior Man & The Mean
The Superior Man
Archer Analogy
Energy of the Southern Regions
Energy of the Northern Regions
The Superior Man
ARISTOTLE
• History
• Athens & Macedonia
• Aristotle
• Ethics
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Nicomachean Ethics
Nature of Ethics
Intellectual Virtue & Moral Virtue
Intellectual Virtue
ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS
• Causes & Teleology
• Four Types of Causes
• Teleology
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE THEORY
• The Supreme Good
• End
• Regress-Reductio Argument
• Knowledge of the Good
• Happiness & Lives
• Happiness
• The Three Main Types of Life
• Life of Pleasure
• Life of Pleasure
• Pleasure is not Happiness
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE THEORY
• Life of Honor
• The Life of Honor
• Honor is not the Good
• Goodness/Justice rather than honor?
• What is the Good for Man?
• Wealth & The Good
• Inadequate
• What is the good for man?
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE THEORY
• The Good
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Second Argument for the Good
The Final End
Choice Argument for happiness as the final end
Self Sufficiency Argument for happiness as the final end
Most Desirable Argument for happiness
• The Function of Man
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Argument for function
Life is not Man’s Function
The Function is found in the rational part
Function & Good
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE THEORY
• How is Happiness Acquired?
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How?
Divine Dispensation
Study & Training
Teleological Argument Against Chance
Happiness
Political Science & Virtue
• Excellence & Virtue
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Excellence
Virtue
The Mark of Virtue
Actions
The mean
ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE THEORY
• The Doctrine of the Mean Applied
• Particulars
• More Particulars
• Summing Up & Three Rules
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Virtue
Difficult to be Good
Practical Rule #1: Keeping away from the contrary extreme
Practical Rule #2: Likely errors
Practical Rule #3: Pleasure
Hitting the Mean
Rule
RELIGION & ETHICS
• Basis of Morality
• Ethics & God
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Introduction
Divine Command Theory
Autonomy Thesis
Kant
Secular Ethics
• Intellectualism & Voluntarism
• Introduction
• Voluntarism
• Intellectualism
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
• Background
• Early Life
• The Ox
• Works
• Teleological Ethics
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Nicomachean Ethics
Actions
Humans Actions vs. Acts of Humans
Factors of Moral Assessment
Christian Modification
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
• Natural Law
• Natural Law
• Natural Morality
• Disagreement
• The Four Laws
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Metaphysics
Eternal Law
Natural Law
Divine Law
Human Law
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
SUMMA THEOLOGICA
• Whether there is an Eternal Law?
• Law
• Eternal Law & Natural Law
• Whether an Effect of Law is to Make Men Good?
• Law & Virtue
• Goodness & The State
• Tyrannical Law
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
SUMMA THEOLGICA
• Whether the Natural Law Contains Several Precepts
or Only One
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Natural Law is Self Evident
Principle of Practical Reason
Good & Evil
Inclination to Good
• Whether the Natural Law is the Same in All Men?
• Same
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
• Definition of Divine Command Theory
• Defined
• Characteristics
• Appeal
JOHN DUN SCOTUS
• Background
• Life
• Dunsmen
• Will, Intellect & Morality
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The Will & Intellect
Scotus’s Argument for the Will
Voluntarism & Morality
Voluntarism & God
Argument for Voluntarism
Love of God
The Ten Commandments
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
THE BIBLE
• Morality
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The Ten Commandments
Killing
Injury
Loans, Thefts, & Losses
Virgins
More Death
Treatment of Aliens, Widows & Orphans
PROBLEMS WITH
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
• Problems
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Euthyphro Problem
Different Religions, Texts, Interpretations
Metaphysics
God’s Goodness
Arbitrariness
CONCERNS ABOUT
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
• Concerns
• Moral Intuitions & Actual Moral Practices
• Selective Approach
• Religious People have done Evil Things
CONSEQUENTIALISM
• Introduction
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Defined
Value
Relevant Beings
Appeal
CONSEQUENTIALISM
ETHICAL EGOISM
• Introduction
• Ethical Egoism
• Altruism & Egoism
• Appeal of Egoism
• Varieties of Egoism
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Psychological Egoism
Personal Egoism
Egotism
Ethical Egoism
CONSEQUENTIALISM
ETHICAL EGOISM
• Standard Arguments for Ethical Egoism
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Adam Smith Style Argument
Ayn Rand
Response to Rand
Thomas Hobbes
ETHICAL EGOISM
THOMAS HOBBES
• Background
• Personal Information
• The English Civil War
• Leviathan (1642)
• Physics
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Goal & Method
Empiricism
Metaphysical Materialism
God
Ontology
• Ethics
• Morality & Materialism
THOMAS HOBBES
LEVIATHAN
• Of the Natural Condition of Mankind
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Equality
Value
Three Causes of Quarrel
War
War & Justice
The Passions that Incline Men to Peace
Articles of Peace
THOMAS HOBBES
LEVIATHAN
• Of the First & Second Natural Laws, & of Contracts
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The Right of Nature (jus naturale)
Law of Natuire (lex naturalis)
Right & Law
Fundamental Law of Nature
The Second Law of Nature
• Of Other Laws of Nature
• Third Law of Nature: Justice
• Justice & Injustice
THOMAS HOBBES
LEVIATHAN
• Moral Philosophy
• Moral Philosophy
• Good & Evil
• Moral Philosophy
PROBLEMS WITH
ETHICAL EGOISM
• Inconsistency
• The Argument
• Reply
• The Ironic Argument
• Argument
• Reply
• The Paradox Argument
• Argument
• Responses
CONSEQUENTIALISM
UTILITARIANISM
• Introduction
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Utility
Relevant Beings
Act & Rule Utilitarianism
Proponents
• Appeal
• Costs & Benefits
• Democracy
• Moral Intuitions
JOHN STUART MILL
• Background
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Background
Education
Life
Works
JOHN STUART MILL
UTILITARIANISM
• What Utilitarianism Is
• Foundation of Morals
• Ends
• The Pig Objection
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The Objection
Mill’s Reply
Difference in quality of pleasures
Basis of the difference in quality of pleasures
Preference
Higher Faculties
Happiness & Contentment
Objection
Competent Judges
JOHN STUART MILL
UTILITARIANISM
• Standard, End & Scope
• Standard
• End & Scope
• Proof of the Principle of Utility
• Questions of Ultimate Ends
• The Analogy
• All Possible Proof
JOHN STUART MILL
UTILITARIANISM
• Objection
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People desire things other than happiness
Virtue & Happiness
Love of Money
Love of Power & Fame
Virtue contrasted with love of money, power or fame
Happiness
Proof of the Principle of Utlity
PROBLEMS WITH
UTILITARIANISM
• Internal Problems
• Formulation
• Consequences
• Response
• External Problems
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Unreasonable Expectations
The Rights of Minorities
Nothing is Forbidden
Absurd Implications
Integrity
DEONTOLOGY
• Introduction
• Defined
• Rule-Deontological Theories
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Defined
Rules
Proponents
Appeal
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KANTIAN ETHICS
INTRODUCTION
• Introduction
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Theoretical Reason
Practical Reason
Ethical Works
Emphasis
Rationalism
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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
IMMANUEL KANT
• The Good Will
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The Good Will & Qualities
Worthiness of Happiness
Virtues
The Goodness of the Good Will
• Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law
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Moral Worth
The Good
Law
Example
Determining the Good
Duty
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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
IMMANUEL KANT
• The Categorical Imperative
• Law & Will
• Imperatives
• Examples
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Suicide
Lying Promises
Rusting Talents
Helping Others
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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
IMMANUEL KANT
• Ends
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Rational Beings
Objects of the Inclination
Rational Beings
Supreme Practical Principle
Kingdom of Ends
Rational Beings as Legislators
• Three Postulates of Morality
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Introduction
Freedom
Immortality
God
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PROBLEMS WITH
DEONTOLOGY
• Problems
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Duty
Inflexibility
Rationality
Terrible Maxims seem to pass the test
Kingdom of Ends
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ETHICAL
RELATIVISM & SUBJECTIVISM
• Introduction
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Defined
Proponents
Pojman’s Reconstruction of the argument
Subjectivism
• Appeal
• Appeal
• Melville Herskovits’ Tolerance Argument
HERODOTUS
CUSTOM IS KING
• Background
• Life (484-425 bc)
• Works
• Contribution
• Relativism
• The Best
• Anecdote of Darius
PROBLEMS WITH
ETHICAL RELATIVISM
• Problems
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Relativism refutes the tolerance argument
Relativism precludes cross cultural criticism
Disturbing Consequences
Defining Culture
Relativism collapses into Subjectivism
Subjectivism collapses into Nihilism
• Criticism of the Argument
• Diversity Thesis
• Dependency Thesis