Transcript Ethical Frameworks

Ethical Frameworks
Ethical decision-making requires:
• Issues that impact others
• An agent’s conscious choice of means and
ends
• Standards of right and wrong
Ethical decisions are characterized by:
• Function of reason
• Reflection of character
• Conflict between freedom and duty
Kantian
• ‘‘Act so that you use humanity, as much in
your own person as in the person of every
other, always at the same time as end and
never merely as means.” (Groundwork of the
Metaphysics of Morals, p. 429)
• “Act in accordance with a maxim of ends that
it can be a universal law for everyone to have.”
(Metaphysics of Morals, p. 395)
Utilitarian
• ‘‘The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals,
Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that
actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote
happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of
happiness’’ (On liberty and other essays, p. 137)
• Justice is a name for certain moral requirements, which,
regarded collectively, stand higher in the scale of social
utility, and are therefore of more paramount obligation,
than any others, though particular cases may in which
some other social duty is so important, as to overrule any
one of the general maxims of justice. Thus to save a life, it
may not only be allowable, but a duty, to steal, or take by
force, the necessary food or medicine, or to kidnap, and
compel to officiate the only qualified medical practitioner.
(p. 201)
Scientific
norms:
Scientific
counter-norms:
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Universalism
Communality
Disinterestedness
Organized
skepticism
• Originality
• Humility
Particularism
Solitariness
Interestedness
Organized
dogma
• “Salami slicing”
• Self-promotion