Transcript Personal, Social, and Emotional Development

Personal, Social, and
Emotional Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Theory
• Developmental
crisis
• Eight stages
Erikson’s Stages:
Preschool Years
• Trust/Mistrust
• Autonomy/Shame & Doubt
• Initiative/ Guilt
Elementary School Years
& Adolescence
• Industry/Inferiority
• Identity/ Role Confusion
Implications of Erikson’s
Theory for Teachers
• Initiative
• Industry
• Identity
Identity Status
Commitment
Yes
Exploration Yes
No
No
Achievement
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Diffusion
Identity Status and
Psychological Well-Being
• Identity achieved or still exploring
– Positive outcomes
• Foreclosed individuals
– Dogmatic, inflexible, and intolerant
• Long-term diffused
– Fatalistic, passive, likely to use and abuse
drugs
Phinney’s Model of Ethnic
Identity Development
• Stage 1
– Unexamined ethnic identity
• Stage 2
– Ethnic identity search
• Stage 3
– Ethnic identity achievement
Bicultural Individuals
•
•
•
•
Achieved identity
Higher self-esteem
Greater sense of mastery
Positive relations with other groups
Understanding
Ourselves & Others
Who are you?
Clarifying the Difference
• Self-concept
– A person’s view of herself or himself.
• Self-esteem
– A person’s evaluation of herself or
himself.
Changes in Self-Concept
• Childhood Concrete terms, related
to traits
• Adolescence Trait-focused, more
abstract, personality characteristics
Changes in Self-Esteem
• 1st years of elementary school
drops
• 4th- 6th grade rises
• Transition to adolescence mixed
findings
Self-Concept & SelfEsteem
• Link with achievement
• Gender and self-esteem
• Personal & collective self-esteem
Levels of Moral
Development
Postconventional
abstract principles and values
Conventional
laws and rules of society
Preconventional
consequences of behavior
Preconventional Reasoning
• Externally controlled
– 1: Avoid punishment
– 2: Personal gain
Conventional Reasoning
• Conformity to social rules
– 3: Good boy/Nice girl
– 4: Law & order
Postconventional Reasoning
• Morality is defined by abstract
principles
– 5: Social contract
– 6: Universal ethical principles
Alternatives to Kohlberg
• Criticism
– Stage approach
– Moral issues versus social conventions
– Western male cultural bias
• Morality of Caring (Carol Gilligan)
Aggression
• Hostile Aggression goal is to harm
• Instrumental Aggression goal is to
gain access
Gender Differences in
Aggression
• Overt aggression physical and
verbal insults
• Relational aggression covert
aggression
Developmental Trends in
Aggression
• Preschool
– Physical & instrumental
• Middle childhood
– Decline in physical & instrumental
– Increase in hostile
• Adolescence
– Aggression continues to decline
Family
• Changes in family
– Divorce rate
– Single parent households
– Dual-earner families
Consequences of Divorce
• Transition is stressful lots of
changes
• Negative effects in short run
– Academic achievement
– Social development
Long-Term Consequences
of Divorce
• 70-80% no long-term effects
• Serious adjustment difficulties more
likely for
– Boys
– Difficult temperaments
Peers
• Gender differences
• Rejected children
• Friends’ influence/ peer pressure