Transcript Children`s literature as moral/ethical instruction in a

PowerPoint Slide Set, Version 1.0
by April O’Connell and Lois-Ann Kuntz
for
CHOICE AND CHANGE
The Psychology of Personal Growth
and
Interpersonal Relationships, 7th ed.
by
April O’Connell, Vincent O’Connell, and Lois-Ann Kuntz
Chapter 4 PARENTING BABIES & YOUNG CHILDREN
ISBN:
0131891707
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
CHAPTER 4 PARENTING BABIES AND YOUNG CHILDREN:
From Conception to Preschool
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Recognize the evidence for both sides of the nature-nurture
controversy
2. Identify the penetrance factors that affect the child-in-the-womb
3. Relate gentle birthing and strong mother-baby bonding
to social/emotional development
4. Describe healthy nurturing of the infant
5. Describe free play and cooperative play
for positive parenting
6. Describe children’s literature as
moral/ethical instruction
7. Relate art play to preparation for school
8. Recognize three types of parenting and later
adjustment to school
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NATURE AND NURTURE
The child’s personality is determined by:
• Both genetics and environment (nature/nurture controversy).
•
•
Genetic studies: concordance rate of relatives, adoption
and twin studies account for 50% to 75% of personality traits
Environmental factors include:
– Penetrance factors including nicotine, alcohol, infectious diseases, overthe-counter medications, prescription drugs, and toxic ingredients in our
environment
•
•
•
– Unwanted children have lower self-esteem, poorer school achievement,
and poorer interpersonal relationships
Birthing procedures
Maternal Stress
Parenting of the infant
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HEALTHY NURTURING OF THE INFANT
Welcoming the “new immigrant” to our world includes:
• Holding and comforting infants when they cry, especially the first six
months
– It is not spoiling them. They actually cry less than infants not so
comforted
• Good nurturing of the infant through the language of the five senses
– Using the sense of touch when holding the child, bathing the child,
changing the baby’s diapers, and rocking the child
– Using the visual and taste senses while nursing
– Using the visual sense when playing games with
the child, such as “peek-a-boo”
– Using the hearing sense while singing lullabies,
using “motherese” language or simply
talking out loud while doing chores
• Most important: Just have fun with your Baby!
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PLAY AS THE SERIOUS BUSINESS OF CHILDHOOD
▪
Play is not just “children having fun” but valuable for:
–
–
–
–
Developing physical dexterity and balance
Fostering Erikson’s Stage 2 life task of “initiative”
Enhancing perceptual skills
Catharsizing anxieties and concerns,
some of which they cannot verbalize
– Learning to obey simple rules
– Moral/ethical standards by cooperating with others
▪ There are many types of play including:
Free out-of-doors play
Rough-and-tumble play
Indoor “quiet” play with toys
Free art play which fosters reading readiness
for school and creative imagination
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THE VALUE OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Reading to children fosters cognitive and emotional growth:
• Fairytales represent the child’s family
–
–
–
–
The child is the prince or princess
The king is the child’s father
The good queen is the child’s mother
The wicked stepmother is mother when she
disciplines the child or does not give in to the
child’s demands
• It is moral/ethical instruction in a language the child can understand
– The good win out in the end and the wicked are punished.
– It gives the child hope that the “Beast Within” (which Freud called the Id)
would be vanquished (socialized)
• It is excellent preparation for school
– It leads to better academic skills in the primary grades
– Children learn to like the stories books provide
– Some children even learn to read before they enter school
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THE FAIRYTALE WORLD OF CHILDREN
The Story of Cinderella
Children divide mothers into
“Good Mommie” who is nice
and gives them whatever they
want, and “Evil Stepmother”
who disciplines or does not
give into their demands. If the
child has older sisters, they
become the stepsisters who
get to do things (like go to the
ball) which she is not allowed
to do.
Her father is the “Good King”
who doesn’t know how cruelly
she is being treated. “Good
Mommie” died when she
was born and lives in Heaven.
Alas! Now she has no one to
look out for her.
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THREE PARENTING STYLES and ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Baumrind and her research team categorized parenting styles as:
•
•
•
Authoritarian: The traditional style of parenting based on authority and power
• Positive parenting for the pre-school child
Permissive:
Adapted
from
non-directiveplay;
style of counseling. The goal is
- Free play
and
cooperative
to encourage the child to be self-directing.
- Art play as therapeutic for children’s concerns
and anxieties
Authoritative:
Adapted from learning models, based on role modeling and
.
reinforcing
(rewarding)
desirable behaviorinstruction in
- Children’s
literature
as moral/ethical
a language the
What the research team
child canFindings:
understand;
,
discovered was that there were
of parenting
and
adjustment
to school;
. • Three typesdistinct
differences
in the
children’s
• The advantage
psychological
later of
adjustment
to school. androgyny;
• Establishing simple rules for indoors and outdoors.
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AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING & ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Authoritarian style: Traditional style of parenting based on authority and power
•
Adults believe “Parents know best” and should direct their childrens’ lives
••
Adults provide
children with
rules
on how
to behave child
Positive
parenting
for
the
pre-school
•
If the rules are not obeyed, punishment follows (although not necessarily physical
.- Free play and cooperative play;
punishment)
-TheArt
play as therapeutic for children’s concerns
•
research team called this parenting style an “adult-centered” home
and anxieties
Adaptation
to school
- Children’s
literature as moral/ethical instruction in
a language the
•
Children adapted to school rules very quickly since
theychild
were used
rules
canto understand;
•
Children were aggressive with other children and
• Three
types of parenting and adjustment to school;
avoided adults (adults get you “in trouble”)
•• The
advantage
psychological
Children
had difficultyof
in working
cooperatively androgyny;
with
other children bothsimple
on the playground
and indoors
in class
• Establishing
rules for
and outdoors.
•
If treated kindly, however, most of these children
learned to work and play less aggressively
and more cooperatively
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PERMISSIVE PARENTING & ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Permissive style: Adapted from the counseling approach
• Adapted from counseling style, parents want the children to discover the
world for themselves
• The parents believe that in this way, the children will get in touch with their
centers-of-growth, and be more perceptive and creative
• The children are allowed to direct their own lives, such as bedtime
• The research team called this style of parenting, a “child-centered” home
Adaptation to School:
• These children seemed lost in their new environment.
• They had difficulty sharing attention with 20 to 30
other children.
• They were less able to play cooperatively
and do independent seat work. They
needed much more individual
Attention from their teachers
• Of all three groups, they had the
poorest adaptation to the new school environment
-
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AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING & ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Authoritative style: Adapted from psychological learning models
• The parents reward the desirable behavior with smiles positive comments
• Parents let their children know they appreciate kind behavior to others
• Positive parenting for the pre-school child
• Instead of rules and regulations, parents use themselves as role models
- Free play and cooperative play;
• If the children continue to misbehave, the parents remove them from the
- Art play as therapeutic for children’s concerns
areaand
(perhaps
to their room) until they behave in the desired manner
anxieties
• The research team called it a “family-centered” home
- Children’s literature as moral/ethical instruction in
a language the
Adaptation to School:
child
can
understand;
. Children
from
these
homes related well
• Three
typesand
ofother
parenting
to both adults
children and adjustment to school;
•• They
well on of
their
independent
Theworked
advantage
psychological
androgyny;
work and cooperatively in groups
• seat
Establishing
simple rules for indoors and outdoors.
• Because they felt at home in the classroom
they enjoyed learning and earned higher grades
• All in all, they had the best adaptation to school
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SO WHAT IS THE RIGHT WAY TO RAISE CHILDREN?
No hard and fast rules but here are some tips and guidelines:
•
Remember each child is a different individual
– You don’t have to treat them equally—treat them according to their needs
– Good parenting means being firm but avoiding physical punishment
whenever possible
– There will be times when all three parenting styles may be used
•
Allow psychological androgyny
– Don’t insist on specific gender roles
(Boys do only this and girls do only that!)
– Children who are allowed to investigate all
interests develop higher intelligence
•
Do teach a few indoor and out-of-door rules
–
–
–
–
Keep the rules simple enough to be followed
Learning house rules makes school adjustment easier
Make visiting the children’s library a weekly event
If you make a mistake (Ex: Accuse child unjustly),
just apologize. Children are wonderfully forgiving.
-
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