Transcript Narvaez, D., Lawrence, A., Cheng, A., Wang, L., Gleason, T

Adult Reports of Parenting They
Received Relates to Different Types of
Moral Orientations
Darcia Narvaez, Ashley Lawrence, Ying Cheng, Lijuan Wang
Evolved Developmental Niche
• “The reliable and repeatable features of stimulation and
experience occurring in an organism’s developmental
context”
• the set of
ecological & social
circumstances
typically inherited
by members of a
given species
“ontogenetic niche” (West and King,1987)
Evolved expected
support provided
Species-Typical
Developmental
System
Smart,
effective
creature
Species-Typical
Outcome
Evolved expected
support NOT provided
Species-Atypical
Developmental
System
Outside
evolved range
of intelligence
&
effectiveness
Species Atypical
Outcome
Exploring the human evolved development niche
HOW DOES THIS APPLY TO HUMANS?
Note: Adapted from Montagu, 1968, with additional info from Dettwayler, 1997;
Harvey & Clutton-Brock, 1985; Konner, 2010; Trevathan, 2011; World Health
Organization
Human babies are needy
• Developmentally born 9-18 months early
• 25% of adult brain volume at full-term birth
(40-42 weeks) (80% by age 3)
• Human babies require “exterogestation”
(Montagu, 1978)
• “Constructive interactionism” (Oyama, 2002)
What is the human Evolved
Developmental Niche?
• Inheritance, with slight
variance, from social
mammalian practices
over 30 million years old
• Common among smallband hunter-gatherers
(99% of human genus
history)
Hewlett & Lamb, 2005; Konner, 2010;
Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason,
2013
Evolved Developmental Niche
(30 million year old mammalian practices)
• TOUCH: Held or kept near others constantly
• RESPONSE: Prompt responses to fusses, cries and needs
• BREASTFEEDING: Nursed frequently (2-3 times/hr
initially) for 2-5 years
• EXTENSIVE SOCIAL SUPPORT and ALLOPARENTS:
Shared care by adults other than mothers
• PLAY: Enjoy free play in natural world with multiage
playmates
• POSITIVE CLIMATE: Immersion in positive emotions
• SOOTHING PERINATAL EXPERIENCES
Hewlett & Lamb, 2005; Ingold, 1999; Konner, 2010; Narvaez, Panksepp,
Schore & Gleason, in press)
Self-regulatory mechanisms
affected by caregiving
•
•
•
•
•
Brainstem function (heart rate, respiration, attention)
Vagus nerve (affects all body systems and sociality)
Stress response (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)
Anxiety (glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus)
Emotion systems (links between cortical executive functions
and subcortical emotion systems)
• Immune system (number and ratio of immune cells)
• Neurotransmitters (number and function of serotonin, NMDA
receptors)
HOW IS EARLY EXPERIENCE RELATED TO
MORAL FUNCTIONING?
Does the Evolved Developmental Niche matter?
Early Life Sets the Stage for
Social and Moral Development
• Responsiveness matters!
• Mutually responsive orientation (Kochanska) and
secure attachment (e.g., Kochanska, 2002;
Weinfield et al., 2008)
•
•
•
•
•
Empathy (Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, Eisenberg)
Self-regulation (Weinfield et al., 2008)
Conscience (Kochanska)
Openness (Greenspan & Shanker, 2004)
Agency/self-efficacy/competence (Weinfield et
al., 2008)
How about the other evolved parenting practices?
Family Life Project
Lijuan Wang
Jennifer Lefever
Ying (Alison) Cheng
Tracy Gleason
THANKS TO
• Spencer Foundation
• University of Notre Dame
–
–
–
–
College of Arts and Letters
Office of Research
Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts
Department of Psychology
• Members of the Moral Psychology Lab
Family Life Project
a. Longitudinal observational & maternal
questionnaires and interviews from 4 to 36 months
(data from the Centers for the Prevention of Child
Neglect; n=636)
b. Maternal surveys of EDN behavior and attitudes in
China (n=383) and USA (n=436)
c. Maternal survey of nurturing parenting attitudes
USA (n=166)
a. Narvaez, Gleason, Wang, Brooks, Lefever, Cheng, & Centers for the
Prevention of Child Neglect (2013)
b. Narvaez, Wang, Gleason, Cheng, Lefever, & Deng (2013);
c. Gleason et al. (under review)
Parenting Practice & Child Outcomes
Empathy
Natural
Childbirth
Breastfeeding
initiation
Breastfeeding
Length
Touch
Responsivity
Play
Social support/
Multiple
caregivers
Conscience
Selfregulation
Cooperation IQ
Depression Aggression
(not)
(not)
Current Study
Participants: 407 adults recruited through Amazon Turk took an online
survey (Mage= 33.52; 56% male, 62% Euro-American).
Dependent Variables were Triune Ethics Orientations:
•
•
•
•
•
ENGAGEMENT: caring, compassionate, merciful, cooperative
IMAGINATION: reflective, thoughtful, inventive, reasonable
SAFETY: controlled, tough, unyielding, competitive
BUNKER: combative tough vigilant belligerent
WALLFLOWER: submissive yielding timid unassertive
Please respond to your views of how you are in SOCIAL SITUATIONS (rate
5 questions about conscious explicit goals and unconscious, sociallyperceived behavior)
Predictor Variables
Attachment (CRQ; Bartholomew & Horowitz): Secure,
Preoccupied, Fearful, Dismissive
Anxiety and Depression: 64-item Inventory of Depression and
Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS; Watson et al., 2007)
Physical Health: Health history, self rating (single items); past
month (3 items). All were added.
Moral Personality (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Davis, 1983):
Empathy, Perspective Taking, Personal Distress
Evolved Developmental Health-History: EDN-H is a measure for
adults with 15 questions about childhood experience. We use
family togetherness (2 items), affection, punishment, play (3
items); supportive childhood (3 items); positive home climate,
negative home climate
Evolved Developmental NicheHistory
FAMILY TOGETHERNESS (6 pt. scale)
1. How often did you do things together as a family outside the
home (e.g., going to religious services, shows, community
events, visiting parks, traveling)?
2. How often did you do things together as a family at home
(e.g., eating together, doing chores together, playing)?
AFFECTION: How often were you affectionately touched, kissed,
or hugged by at least one of your parents or guardians?
PUNISHMENT: Did you ever receive corporal punishment from a
parent or guardian (e.g., hit, spanked, slapped, pinched)?
PLAY
1. How much did you participate in activities directed by adults (e.g.,
organized sports, clubs, scouting, music/dance lessons, etc.)?
2. How much did you play freely with other children OUTSIDE (play
organized by the children; not in organized activities)?
3. How much did you play freely with other children INSIDE (play
organized by the children; not in organized activities)?
Past Home Climate (PHC)
IN YOUR FAMILY HOME WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD (age 0-18), please
rate the emotion sets according to how frequently you felt them (6-pt)
POSITIVE
• JOY (Excited, Happy, Jovial, or Lively)
• EXPANSIVE (Open, Playful, or Creative)
• SELF-ASSURED (Proud, Confident, or Fearless)
• SERENE (Calm, Relaxed, or at Ease)
NEGATIVE
• GRIEF (Downhearted, Sad, or Lonely)
• HUMILIATION (Humiliated, Demeaned, or Shamed)
• GUILT (Ashamed, Guilty, or Blameworthy)
• FEAR (Dread, Tense, Nervous, or Scared)
• ANGER (Angry, Hostile, Irritable, or Scornful)
• NUMBNESS (Apathetic, Numb, Passive, or Shut Down)
Analyses
• Correlations
• Regressions
• Mediation models
EDN
Engagement
Family Together
Outside home .122*
In Home .254**
Affection .106*
Punishment .163**
Play Organized -Play Outside .263**
Play Inside .219**
Home Climate
Positive .247**
Negative -.110*
Imagination Safety
Bunker
Wallflower
.158**
.277**
---.222**
.152**
--.153**
----.113*
--
-.112*
-.322**
----.240**
-.133*
-.161**
-.269**
-.109*
--.149**
-.233**
-.123*
.260**
--
.098*
.099*
-.187**
-.235**
.240**
Health and
interpersonal
Engagement Imagination Safety
Anxiety -.172** -.144** .166**
Depression -.207
-.162** .212**
Poor Physical
Health
---Empathy .583**
.446**
-.249**
Perspective
Taking .402**
.426**
-.100*
Personal
Distress ----
Bunker
.408**
.438**
Wallflower
.507**
.486**
--.303**
.260**
-.143**
-.245**
-.160**
.236**
.424**
Summary of Correlations
• Early experience appears to influence
predictors of moral functioning (secure
attachment, empathic concern, perspective
taking) and ethical orientation
– greater EDN-consistent care was correlated with
Engagement and Imagination
– Generally but not always, less EDN-consistent
care tended to be correlated with Safety, Bunker
and Wallflower.
• Mental and physical health were correlated
with ethical orientation—better mental health
was correlated with Engagement and
Imagination. Worse mental health was
correlated with Safety, Bunker and Wallflower.
• Poor physical health was correlated only with
Wallflower.
Regressions
A regression was conducted for each ethic
(Engagement, Imagination, Safety, Bunker,
Wallflower), testing four models.
Model 1 included childhood experiences (EDN): play
(inside, outside), family togetherness (at home, out),
positive and negative climate
Model 2 added attachment (secure, preoccupied,
fearful, dismissive)
Model 3 added physical and mental health.
Model 4 added interpersonal personality (empathy,
perspective taking, personal distress).
Regression on Engagement
Model Summary
Model
R
1
2
3
4
.335
.397
.432
.628
Adjusted R
R Square
Square
.112
.157
.187
.395
.103
.140
.164
.373
Std. Error of the
Estimate
.64081
.62736
.61861
.53569
Sum of
Squares
Model
1
2
3
4
Regression
Mean
Square
df
20.840
4
5.210
Residual
165.076
402
.411
Total
185.916
406
29.269
8
3.659
Residual
156.647
398
.394
Total
185.916
406
34.757
11
3.160
Residual
151.159
395
.383
Total
185.916
406
73.426
14
5.245
Residual
112.490
392
.287
Total
185.916
406
Regression
Regression
Regression
F
Sig.
12.688
.000
9.296
.000
8.257
.000
18.277
.000
Standardized
Coefficients
Model
4
Beta
t
(Constant)
Sig.
5.450
.000
PLAY: Inside + outside
.061
1.361
.174
Negative Home Climate
.003
.067
.947
Positive Home Climate
.133
2.729
.007
Family Togetherness
-.005
-.103
.918
SECURE Attachment
.053
1.038
.300
PREOCCUPIED Attachment
.007
.161
.872
FEARFUL Attachment
.013
.284
.776
DISMISSIVE Attachment
-.027
-.621
.535
Depression Symptoms
-.120
-1.631
.104
Anxiety Symptoms
-.018
-.247
.805
Health (high score=poor)
.095
1.989
.047
Empathic concern
.450
8.828
.000
Personal Distress
.042
.915
.361
Perspective Taking
.110
2.332
.020
Regression on Wallflower
Model Summary
Model
1
2
3
4
R
R Square
.332
.451
.573
.609
.110
.204
.328
.371
Adjusted R
Square
.102
.188
.309
.348
Std. Error of the
Estimate
.94436
.89795
.82812
.80432
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
Model
1
2
3
4
Regression
Mean
Square
df
44.477
4
11.119
Residual
358.509
402
.892
Total
402.986
406
82.071
8
10.259
Residual
320.915
398
.806
Total
402.986
406
Regression
132.104
11
12.009
Residual
270.882
395
.686
Total
402.986
406
Regression
149.390
14
10.671
Residual
253.596
392
.647
Total
402.986
406
Regression
F
Sig.
12.468
.000
12.723
.000
17.512
.000
16.494
.000
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Model
4
B
Standardized
Coefficients
Std. Error
(Constant)
1.260
.435
PLAY: Inside + outside
-.007
.020
Negative Home Climate
-.052
Positive Home Climate
Beta
t
Sig.
2.900
.004
-.017
-.364
.716
.056
-.048
-.928
.354
-.145
.050
-.144
-2.917
.004
Family Togetherness
-.013
.026
-.024
-.514
.608
SECURE Attachment
.011
.024
.024
.456
.649
PREOCCUPIED
.035
.023
.073
1.550
.122
FEARFUL Attachment
.048
.025
.090
1.963
.050
DISMISSIVE Attachment
.069
.023
.135
3.045
.002
Depression Symptoms
.194
.106
.138
1.828
.068
Anxiety Symptoms
.107
.035
.221
3.040
.003
Health (high score=poor)
-.007
.013
-.025
-.520
.603
Empathic concern
-.002
.069
-.002
-.032
.974
Personal Distress
.278
.055
.233
5.035
.000
-.047
.069
-.033
-.690
.491
Attachment
Perspective Taking
a. Dependent Variable: wallflowerethic
Summary of Regressions
• The fourth model in each regression explained
the greatest amount of variance.
– For Engagement: EDN home climate; interpersonal
morality (empathy, perspective taking) were
significant predictors
– For Wallflower: EDN home climate (lack of
positive); Fearful and Dismissive attachment; poor
mental health (anxiety and depression); and
interpersonal reactivity (personal distress)
Mediation Models Predicting Engagement
Empathic
Concern
EDN
Variable
Engagement
Orientation
Perspective
Taking
Direct and indirect effects are
significant for
•
•
•
•
Family Togetherness (at home and away)
Play (inside and outside)
Positive Home Climate
Breastfeeding
Discussion
• Adults’ self-reported early experience (EDN)
was related to the predictors of moral
functioning (attachment, interpersonal
orientation), to mental health, and to ethical
orientations in correlations and regressions.
• Initial mediation analyses indicate not only
direct effects of EDN on Engagement but
indirect effects (EDN mediated by empathic
concern and perspective taking).
Conclusion
• The epigenetic and developmental plasticity
effects of early experience need to be closely
examined for their specific influences on
moral functioning.
Epigenetics of Moral Development
Neurobiology of Self and Relationships
Personality
Experience early
and during sensitive
periods
Agreeableness (Kochanska)
[caregiving, social
support and climate]
(Tomkins)
Empathic orientation
Cooperative selfregulation (Sroufe)
Positive, prosocial
emotions (Schore)
Ethical Orientation
Safety
Engagement
Imagination
(Triune Ethics, Narvaez)
Personal
Imagination
Detached
Imagination
ENGAGEMENT
ETHIC
Wallflower
SAFETY
SECURITY
ETHIC
Vicious
Imagination
Communal
Imagination
Bunker
Subjective
moral
orientations
CONDITIONED PAST
IMAGINATION
ETHIC
FOCUS ON POSSIBILITY
Left brain dominant
PRESENCE
Right brain dominant
For more information
• Darcia Narvaez ([email protected])
• Webpage (download papers):
http://www.nd.edu/~dnarvaez/
• My blog at Psychology Today: Moral
Landscapes
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blo
g/moral-landscapes
2014, W.W. Norton
Series on Interpersonal
Neurobiology