Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 2
Download
Report
Transcript Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 2
Aspects of Development
“Children are not
miniature adults.”
(p. 30)
Think Differently
See the World
Differently
Live by Different
Moral and Ethical
Principles
Issues of Development
Does Cognitive Development Fall Within
the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?
Piaget: How Cognitive
Development Occurs
Schemes
Adaptation
– Assimilation
– Accommodation
Equilibration
Contructivism
Piaget: Stages of Development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2)
Reflexes
Motor Activity
Trial and Error
Development of Object Permanence
Piaget: Stages of Development
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Symbols and Language
Inability to Understand Conservation
“It’s the same.”
“This one has more.”
Piaget: Stages of Development
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Why can’t the child understand
conservation?
Illogical Thinking
– Centration
– Focus on States
– Lack of Reversibility
Piaget: Stages of Development
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Other Examples of Illogical Thinking
– Egocentrism
– Artificialism and Animism
– Problems in Classification
Piaget: Stages of Development
Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11)
Class Inclusion is no longer a problem in Concrete
Operations.
Piaget: Stages of Development
Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11)
Reversibility
De-centered Thought
Not as Egocentric
Seriation
Bob is taller than Phil. Phil is taller
than Joe. Is Bob taller than Joe?
Bob is taller than Phil. Joe is shorter
than Phil. Who is taller?
Piaget: Stages of Development
Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11)
Limitations
Unable to Deal with Abstractions
Limited Deductive Reasoning Capability
Piaget: Stages of Development
Formal Operational Stage (Age 11 to Adult)
Hypothetical Situations
Able to Test Hypotheses Internally
Enhanced Problem Solving Ability
Formal Operations
Whelks are more colorful than periwinkles. Whelks
are less colorful than abalones. Therefore:
Formal Operations
Worms move slower than lice and worms are smaller than
mice. Worms move faster than mice and worms are larger
than lice. Therefore:
Piaget: Criticisms and Revisions:
The American Question
Tasks Can be Taught Earlier
Exceptions to Egocentricity
Development Depends on Task
Development Influenced by Experience
Vygotsky: View of Cognitive
Development
Assumptions
– Learning is a Social Process
– Zone of Proximal Development
Means of Learning
– Private Speech
– Scaffolding
Issues of Development
Does Psychosocial Development Fall
Within the Domain of the Classroom
Teacher?
Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial
Development
Trust Versus Mistrust (Birth to 18 Months)
Autonomy Versus Doubt (18 Months to 3
Years)
Initiative Versus Guilt (3 to 6 Years)
Industry Versus Inferiority (6 to 12 Years)
Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial
Development
Identity Versus Role Confusion (12 to 18
Years)
Intimacy Versus Isolation (Young Adult)
Generativity Versus Self-Absorption
(Middle Adult)
Integrity Versus Despair (Late Adult)
Issues of Development
Does Moral Development Fall Within the
Domain of the Classroom Teacher?
Theories of Moral Development
Piaget
– Heteronomous Morality (Younger)
– Autonomous Morality (Older)
Theories of Moral Development
Kohlberg
– Preconventional
Punishment and Obedience Orientation
Instrumental Relativist Orientation
– Conventional
“Good Boy-Good Girl” Orientation
Law and Order Orientation
– Postconventional
Social Contract Orientation
Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
Theories of Moral Development
Moral Dilemma
One of your brightest middle school
students spills her purse which
contains a non-prescription pain
reliever product.
You believe her
when she tells you that her mother
sent her to the store to buy them
yesterday, but she forgot they were
still in her purse.
However,
possession of the pill violates your
school's zero-tolerance drug policy
which you voted for.
Would you
report the incident?
Theories of Moral Development
Kohlberg
– Present moral reasoning that is just above the
child’s current level to facilitate development
– Moral reasoning is not the same thing as moral
behavior.
– Most people show reasoning from more than
one stage.
– A word about the 10 commandments (p. 54).