Transcript unit2 - SNS Courseware

UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS
Senses of ‘Engineering Ethics’ – Variety of moral issues – Types of
inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg’s theory –
Gilligan’s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Professions and
Professionalism – Professional Ideals and Virtues – Uses of Ethical
Theories
WHAT IS ENGINEERING ETHICS?
• The study of moral issues and decisions confronting
individuals and organizations involved in engineering.
• The study of related questions about moral ideals,
character, policies and relationships of people and
organizations involved in technological activity.
ETHICS- moral principles that govern a person's or group's
behavior.
ETHICS AND ENGINEERING
• Where the ethical issues can arise:
– Conceptualization, Design, Testing,
Manufacturing, Sales, Service
– Supervision and Project Teams
• Project timelines and budgets
• Expectations, opinions, or judgments
– Products: Unsafe or Less than Useful
• Designed for obsolescence
• Inferior materials or components
• Unforeseen harmful effects to society
ETHICS AND ENGINEERING
• Impacts of an engineer’s ethical decisions:
– The Products & Services (safety and utility)
– The Company and its Stockholders
– The Public and Society (benefits to the people)
– Environment (Earth and beyond)
– The Profession (how the public views it)
– The Law (how legislation affects the profession and
industry)
– Personal Position (job, internal moral conflict)
SENSES OF ETHICS
• Ethics is an activity and area of inquiry. It is the activity of
understanding moral values, resolving moral issues and the area
of study resulting from that activity.
• When we speak of ethical problems, issues and controversies,
we mean to distinguish them from non moral problems.
• Ethics is used to refer to the particular set of beliefs, attitudes
and habits that a person or group displays concerning moralities.
• Ethics and its grammatical variants can be used as synonyms for
morally correct.
WHAT IS MORALITY?
• The term ‘morality’ concerns with
(a) what ought or ought not to be done in a given
situation?
(b) what is right or wrong in handling it?
(c) what is good or bad about the persons, policies and
principles involved in it?
If an action is said to be morally right it should had some
moral reasons.
MORAL REASONS
Moral reasons include
• Respecting others and ourselves,
• Respecting the rights of others,
• Keeping promises,
• Avoiding unnecessary problems to others
• Avoiding cheating and dishonesty,
• Showing gratitude to others and encourage them to
work
VARIETIES OF MORAL ISSUES
• MICRO-ETHICS This approach stresses more about
some typical and everyday problems which play an
important role in the field of engineering and in the
profession of an engineer
• MACRO-ETHICS This approach deals with all the
social problems which are unknown and suddenly
burst out on a regional or national level.
Where and How do Moral Problems arise in
Engineering?
• Inspite of the engineers’ full attention and care,
sometimes the product or project may be unsafe
or less useful.
This may be due to some reasons
1) The product or project may be designed for early
obsolescence
2) Due to under pressure because of running out of
time, budgetary etc
3) By ignorance on the size of the project
4) Because of the large number of a products sold
on the mass market, people may be affected.
TYPES OF INQUIRY
• Inquiry means an investigation- Engineering
ethics involves investigations into values,
meaning and facts.
1. Normative Inquiries
2. Conceptual Inquiries
3. Factual or Descriptive Inquiries
NORMATIVE INQUIRIES
These are meant for identifying and justifying some
norms and standards of morally desirable nature for guiding
individuals as well as groups.
1. How do the obligations of engineers protect the public safety in
given situations?
2. When should an engineer have to alarm their employers on
dangerous practices?
3. Where are the laws and organizational procedures that affect
engineering practice on moral issues?
4. Where are the moral rights essential for engineers to fulfill
their professional obligations?
CONCEPTUAL INQUIRIES
These are meant for describing the meaning of
concepts, principles, and issues related to Engineering
Ethics.
1. What is the safety and how it is related to risk?
2. What does it mean when codes of ethics say engineers
should protect the safety, health and welfare of the
public?
3. What is a ‘bribe’?
4. What is a ‘profession’ and ‘professional’?
FACTUAL / DESCRIPTIVE INQUIRIES
• These help to provide facts for understanding
and finding solutions to value based issues.
• The engineer has to conduct factual inquiries by
using scientific techniques.
• These help to provide information regarding the
business realities such as engineering practice,
history of engineering profession, the
effectiveness of professional societies, the
procedures to be adopted when assessing risks
and psychological profiles of engineers.
MORAL DILEMMA
Why study engineering ethics?
– Engineering ethics is not only teaching moral
behaviour in knowing about immoral and amoral
in a set of beliefs, but also increasing the ability of
engineers and other professionals to face boldly
with the moral problems arising from
technological advancements, changes and other
related activities.
MORAL DILEMMA
• Dilemmas are certain kind of situations in
which a difficult choice has to be made.
• Moral dilemmas have two or more foldings moral obligations, duties, rights, goods or
ideals come into disagreement with each
other.
• One moral principle can have two or more
conflicting applications for a particular given
situation.
TYPES OF COMPLEXITIES
• Vagueness- தெளிவற்ற
• Conflicting reasons- முரண்பாடான காரணங்கள்
• Disagreement-கருத்து வவறுபாடு
STEPS / PROCEDURES IN FACING MORAL DILEMMAS
1) Identifying the relevant moral factors and reasons: i.e.
Finding solutions for (i) the conflicting responsibilities (ii)
the competing rights and (iii) the clashing ideals involved.
2) Collecting and gathering all the available facts which are
relevant to the moral factors while resolving.
3) Ranking the moral considerations or principles on the basis
of importance as applicable to the situation.
4) Considering alternative courses of action for resolving the
problems and tracing the full implications of each. i.e.
conducting factual inquiries.
5) Having talked with the colleagues, friend about the problem
getting their suggestions and alternative ideas on resolving
that dilemma.
6) Arriving at a careful and reasonable judgment or solution by
taking into consideration of all important moral factors and
reasons on the basis of the facts or truths.
MORAL AUTONOMY
• Autonomy means self-governing or selfdetermining i.e act independently.
• Moral autonomy means the right or the wrong
conduct which is of independent on ethical
issues.
• Moral autonomy is concerned with the
independent attitude of a person related to
ethical issues.
• It helps to improve the self-determination among
the individuals.
SKILLS FOR IMPROVING MORAL AUTONOMY
• Ability to distinguish and relate these moral problems with the
problems of law, economics, religions principles etc.
• Possess the skills of understanding, clarifying and assessing the
arguments which are against the moral issues.
• Ability to suggest the solutions to moral issues, on the basis of
facts. These suggestions must be consistent and must include all
the aspects of the problem.
• Must have the imaginative skill to view the problems from all
view points and also be able to suggest a proper alternative
solution.
• Able to tolerate while giving moral judgments and decisions
which may cause trouble. i.e. they have to understand the
difficulties in making moral decisions.
SKILLS FOR IMPROVING MORAL AUTONOMY
• Must
have
adequate
knowledge
and
understanding about the use of ethical language
so as to defend or support their views with
others.
• Must have some better knowledge in
understanding the importance of suggestions
and better solutions while resolving moral
problems and also about the importance of
tolerance on some critical situations.
• Must understand the importance of maintaining
the moral honesty.
CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY
• Consensus – Agreement
• Controversy – Disagreement
PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALISM
• What is a profession?
– ‘JOB’ or ‘OCCUPATION’ that meets the following
criteria from which a person earns his living.
• Knowledge
• Organization
• Public good
• Who is a professional?
– Obviously a member of a profession.
DIFFERING VIEWS ON PROFESSIONALS
• ‘Only consulting engineers who are basically independent
and have freedom from coercion can be called as
professionals.’ -Robert L.Whitelaw
• ‘Professionals have to meet the expectations of clients
and employers. Professional restraints are to be imposed
by only laws and government regulations and not by
personal conscience.’ -Samuel Florman
• ‘Engineers are professionals when they 1) attain
standards of achievement in education, job performance
or creativity in engineering and 2) accept the most basic
moral responsibilities to the public as well as employers,
clients, colleagues and subordinates.’ -Mike Martin &
Roland Schinzinger
MODELS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS
• SAVIOR: a person who saves someone or
something (especially a country or cause) from
danger
• GUARDIAN: Engineers know, the directions in
which and pace at which, technology should
develop.
• BUREAUCRATIC SERVANT: The engineer as the
loyal organization person uses special skills to
solve problems.
MODELS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS
• SOCIAL SERVANT: Engineers, in co-operation with management,
have the task of receiving society’s directives and satisfying
society’s desires.
• SOCIAL ENABLER AND CATALYST: Engineers play a vital role
beyond mere compliance with orders. They help management
and society understand their own needs and to make informed
decisions.
• GAME PLAYER: Engineers are neither servants nor masters of
anyone. They play by the economic game rules that happen to
be in effect at a given time.
TYPES OF ETHICAL THEORIES
TYPES BASED ON
• Virtue ethics-Virtues and vices
• Utilitarianism-Most good for most people
• Duty ethics-Duties to respect persons
• Rights ethics-Human Rights
FOUR MAIN VIRTUES
(நல்த
ாழுக்கங்கள்)
• Prudence (விவவகம்): to think about a
moral problem clearly and completely
• Temperance (தன்னடக்கம்): control
attraction to positive emotions
• Fortitude (மவனோபலம்): control aversion
for negative emotions
• Justice (நீதி): choose according to truth and
fairness.
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Responsibilities based on
• SELF DIRECTION VIRTUES
• PUBLIC SPIRITED VIRTUES
• TEAMWORK VIRTUES
• PROFICIENCY VIRTUES
UTILITARIANISM
– Three approaches:
• Cost/benefit – quantifiable approach. Maximize
positive utilities (benefits) against negative
utilities (costs).
• Act utilitarian – ‘Will the course of action
produce more good than any alternative course
of action that I could take’?
• Rule utilitarian – ‘Would utility be maximized if
everyone did the same thing in the same
circumstances’? Adoption of commonly
accepted rules.
DUTY ETHICS (Immanuel Kant’s view)
– be honest
– keep promises
– do not inflict sufferings on other people
– be fair
– make reparation when you have been unfair
– how gratitude for kindness extended by others
– seek to improve own intelligence and character
– develop one’s talents
– don’t commit suicide
RIGHTS ETHICS (JOHN LOCKE – 1632-1704)
•
•
•
•
Everyone has inherent moral rights
Everyone has rights that arise from EXISTING
Other rights arise as a Consequence.
Duties arise because people have rights, not
vice versa.
• Any act that violates an individual’s moral rights
is ethically unacceptable.
• Rights ethics was highly individualistic.
EVALUATION OF ETHICAL THEORIES
• The theory must be clear and formulated with concepts that are
coherent and applicable.
• It must be internally consistent in that none of its tenets
contradicts any other.
• Neither the theory nor its defense can rely upon false
information.
• It must be sufficiently comprehensive to provide guidance in
specific situations.
• It must be compatible with our most carefully considered moral
convictions about concrete situations.
USES OF ETHICAL THEORIES
• Ethical theories aid in identifying the moral considerations or reasons that
constitute a dilemma.
• They provide a precise sense of what kinds of information are relevant to
solving moral development.
• They sometimes, offer ways to rank the relevant moral considerations in
order of importance and provide a rough guidance in solving moral
problems.
• The theories help us identify the full moral ramifications of alternative
courses of action, urging a wide perspective on the moral implications of
the options and providing a systematic framework of comparing
alternatives.
• The theories augment the precision with which we use moral terms and
they provide frame works for moral reasoning when discussing moral
issues with colleagues.
• By providing frame works for development of moral arguments, the
theories strengthen our ability to reach balanced and insightful
judgments.