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Piaget’s Theory of
Moral Development
Heteronomous Morality
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View rules as handed
down by authorities,
permanent,
unchangeable,
require strict
obedience.
Judge wrongness by
outcomes, not
intentions
Autonomous Morality
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Rules as sociallyagreed on,
changeable
Standard of ideal
reciprocity
Judge on outcomes
and intentions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
PERKEMBANGAN MORAL
TEORI ‘PIAGET’
HETERONOMOUS
MORALITY
 Peraturan ditentukan
otoritas, permanen, tdk
bisa berubah, harus
ditaati secara keras.
 Menilai dari hasil or
produk. Tidak dari intensi
or motivasi.
 Cont. Tumpah tinta scr
tdk sengaja.

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

AUTONOMOUS
MORALITY
Peratuhan disepakati
bersama. Bisa berubah.
Berdasarkan standar
timbal balik (win-win
solution)
Menilai dari produk dan
intensi / motivasi
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Eleven-year-old Sabrina said to 16 year-old
Louis. She held up a page of large photos
showing a 70 year old woman standing in her
home. The floor and furniture were piled with
stacks of newpapers, cardboard boxes, tin cans,
glass containers, food, and clothing.
The headline read: “Loretta Perry: My Life Is
None of Their Business”.
“Look what they’re trying to do to this poor lady,
they wanna throw her out of her house and tear
it down! Those city inspectors must not care
about anyone. Why doesn’t someone help her?”
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Here it says, ‘Mrs. Perry has devoted much of her
life to doing favors for people.’
Louis responded. “Sabrina, you missed the point,
Mrs. Perry is violating 30 building code standards.
The law says you’re supposed to keep your house
clean and in good repair.”
“but Louis, she’s old, and she needs help. She says
her life will be over if they destroy her home.”
“the building inspectors aren’t being mean, mrs.
Perry is stubborn. She’s refusing to obey the law.
And she’s not just a threat to herself-she’s danger
to her neighbors, too.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Suppose her house caught on fire. You can’t live
around other people and say your life is nobody’s
business.”
“you don’t just knock someone’s home down,”
sabrina replied angrily, “ why aren’t her friends
and neighbors over there fixing up that house?
You’re like those building inspectors, Louis, you’ve
got no feelings!”
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
Moral dilemmas – a conflict between
two moral values - “Heinz dilemma”
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In Europe a woman was near death from cancer,
there was one drug that the doctors thought
might save her. A druggist in the same town had
discovered it, but he was charging ten times what
the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s
husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to
borrow the money, but he could only get together
half of what it cost. The druggist refused to sell
the drug for less or let Heinz pay later. So Heinz
got desperate and broke into the man’s store to
steal the drug for his wife. Should Heinz have
done that? Why?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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It is the way an individual reasons about the
dilemma, not the content of the response
(whether to steal or not), that determines moral
maturity.
A friend of yours needs help and may even die,
and you’re the only person who can save him or
her. How important is it for a person (without
losing his or her own life) to save the life of a
friend?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
Kohlberg’s Stages of
Moral Development
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Preconventional
Level
Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose
Conventional
Level
Stage 3: “Good boy-good girl”
(Morality of interpersonal
cooperation)
Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining
Postconventional Stage 5: Social Contract
or Principled
Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle
Level
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The preconventional level
Morality is externally controlled: children accept the rules of
authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behaviors
that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those that lead to
rewards as good.
1. The punishment and obedience orientation.  Moral
understanding is based on rewards, punishments, and the power
of authority figures. Focus on fear of authority and avoidance of
punishment as reasons for behaving morally.
Pro: if you let your wife die, you will … be blamed…
Anti: you shouldn’t steal because you’ll e caught and sent to jail..
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2. The instrumental purpose orientation. They view right action
as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal
exchange of favors: ‘you do this for me, and I’ll do that for you.’
Pro: if Heinz decides to risk jail to save his wife, it’s his life he’s
risking; he can do what he wants with it. And the same goes for the
druggist; it’s up to him to decide what he wants to do.”
Anti: Heinz is running more risk than it’s worth (to save a wife who
is near death.”
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The conventional Level
Individuals continue to regard conformity to social rules as
important, but not for reasons of self-interest. Rather, they
believe that actively maintaining the current social system
ensures positive human relationships and societal order.
3. The “good boy-good girl” orientation, or the morality of
interpersonal cooperation.
individuals want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and
relatives by being a “good person” – trustworthy, loyal, respectful,
helpful, and nice. The ideal reciprocity: a standard of fairness summed
up by the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you.”
Pro: no one will think you’re bad if you steal the drug, but your family
will think you’re an inhuman husband if you don’t.
Anti: it isn’t just the druggist who will think you’re a criminal,
everyone else will too…
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4. The social-order-maintaining orientation. Individual takes into
account a larger perspective – that of societal laws. Moral choices
no longer depend on close ties to others. Each member of society
has a personal duty to uphold them. Laws must be obeyed under all
circumstances because they are vital for ensuring societal order and
cooperation between people.
Pro: Heinz has a duty to protect his wife’s life.. But it’s wrong to steal,
so he would have to take the drug with the idea of paying the
druggist for it and accepting the penalty for breaking the law later.
Anti: even if his wife is dying, it’s still Heinz’s duty as a citizen to
obey the law… if everyone starts breaking the law in a jam, there’d
be no civilization, just crime and violence.
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The Postconventional or Principled Level.
Individual move beyond unquestioning support for
the laws and rules of their own society. They
define morality in terms of abstract principles and
values that apply to all situations and societies.
5. The social contract orientation. Individuals
regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for
furthering human purposes. When laws are
consistent with individual rights and the interests
of the majority. Each person follows them because
of a social contract orientation – free and willing
participation in the system because it brings about
more good for people than if it did not exist.
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Pro: although there is a law against stealing,
the law wasn’t meant to violate a person’s
right to life… if Heinz is prosecuted for
stealing, the law needs to be reinterpreted
to take into account situations in which it
goes against people’s natural right to keep
on living.
Anti: at this stage, there are no antistealing
responses
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Realife conflicts, such as whether to
continue helping a friend who is taking
advantage of you, often elicit moral
reasoning below a person’s actual capacity
because they involve practical
considerations and mix cognition with
intense emotion.
It’s a lot easier to be moral when you have
nothing to lose…
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6. The universal ethical principle orientation. Right
action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of
conscience that are valid for all people, regardless
of law and social agreement. Such abstract
principles as respect for the worth and dignity of
each person.
Pro: it doesn’t make sense to put respect for property
above respect for life itself. People could live
together without private property at all. Respect for
human life and personality is absolute, and
accordingly people have a mutual duty to save one
another from dying.
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Influences on Moral Reasoning
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Personality
Child-Rearing Practices
 Caring, supportive
 Discuss moral
concerns
Schooling
Peer Interactions
Culture
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Religious Involvement
and Morality
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Formal religious involvement declines
in adolescence
Religious involvement linked to:
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More community service
Lower drug & alcohol use
Later sex
Less delinquency
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Two Routes to
Adolescent Delinquency
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Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood
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Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine
Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty
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Peer influences
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