Transcript Psychology - Wando High School

Adolescence
Adolescence
• Between childhood
and adulthood.
• From puberty (the
start of sexual
maturation) to
independence from
parents.
• Getting longer and
longer.
Before 1850
• The concept of
adolescence didn’t
exist.
• Formal education
ended at 8th grade.
• Married, farming,
family before 20
years old!
Today?....
• Starts with maturation which is happening 2
years earlier than it did 100 years ago.
• Extended on the other end as well:
– College, Grad School, Careers
• Waiting to marry and start families.
• WHY IS THIS SO CONFUSING?
• 10 items that identify “Who I Am”
Physical Development
in Adolescence
Gender Development
• Gender: in psychology, the biologically and
socially influenced characteristics by which
people define male and female.
Gender Development
The Nature of Gender
• Sex chromosomes
–X chromosome
– found in both men & women.
– Females have two; males
have one
– An X chromosome from
each parent produces a
female child.
Gender Development
The Nature of Gender
• Sex chromosomes
–Y chromosome
– found only in males
– When paired with an X
chromosome from the
mother, it produces a
male child
Gender Development
The Nature of Gender
• Sex hormones
–Testosterone
– most important male sex hormone.
– Both males and females have it
– Additional in males:
• Stimulates growth of the male
sex organs in the fetus and the
development of the male sex
characteristics during puberty.
Gender Development
The Nurture of Gender
• Role
– Set of expectations (norms)
about a social position
– Defines how those in the
position ought to behave
• Gender Role
– Set of expected behaviors
for males or for females
Gender Development
The Nurture of Gender
• Gender Identity
– Our sense of being male or
female
• Gender Type
– The acquisition of the traditional
masculine or feminine role.
• Social Learning Theory
– We learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by
being rewarded or punished
Puberty
• Matures sexually;
Capable of
reproducing
• A flood of hormones:
physical and
emotional changes!!!
• Starts at
approximately age 11
in females and age 13
in males
• Major growth spurt
Physical Development
Primary Sex Characteristics
• Reproductive
organs that make
sexual reproduction
possible
• Ovaries in females
• Testes in males
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Nonreproductive
sexual
characteristics
• Breasts and hips in
females
• Facial hair and
voice changes in
males
Reactions to Growth
• Early
development: An
advantage?
• Gender
differences
• Body image and
depression
Anorexia Nervosa
•
•
•
•
Eating disorder
Appears first in puberty
Starve themselves
15% below normal
body weight
• Combine starvation
and exercise
• Menstruation stops
Bulimia
• Eating binges and
then vomit
• Suffer low potassium
levels, dental decay,
heart problems
• Concerned with how
society judges them
Obesity
• 10% higher than
recommended body
weight
• 20-30% of
adolescences
• Family history, food,
stress, lack of
exercise, low selfesteem, depression
• Heart disease,
diabetes, trouble
sleeping, breathing
problems
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger
Motivation
Sexual Orientation
• Attraction toward
people of a particular
gender
• Heterosexual or
homosexual; small
minority bisexual
• Source of conflict,
anxiety and
misunderstanding
Heterosexual
• Attracted to members
of the opposite sex
• “straight”
Homosexual
• Attracted to members of
the same sex
• Approximately 3-4% of
male and 1-2% of the
female population
• 1% bisexual
Sexual Attitudes and
Behavior
• Increased sexual
awareness and
activity
• Role of society
– Church, school,
government
• Does sex education
promote
promiscuity?
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
• Three million
cases of STDs
each year in
the U.S.
• Fears about
STDs/AIDS
• So, #1 way?
Cognitive Development:
Morality
Lawrence Kohlberg
• How children
develop a sense
of right and
wrong
• He focused on
moral reasoning
(three levels)
1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning
• Typically children under
the age of 9
• Focuses on self-interest
• Characterized by the
desire to avoid
punishment or gain
reward
2. Conventional Moral Reasoning
• By early adolescence
and most adults
• Primary concerns:
–
–
–
–
Fit in to society
Play role of a good citizen
Follow rules and laws
Caring for others
3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning
• Characterized by
references to
universal ethical
principles
• Represent the rights
or obligations of all
people
• Most adults do not
reach this level
Social Development
in Adolescence
Erik Erikson
• Constructed an
8-stage theory of
social development
• Each stage has its
own psychosocial
task, a crisis that
needs resolution
Trust vs. Mistrust
• First year of life
• Meeting needs, learning to trust
• Primary task for an infant
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Toddler (1-3)
• Exercise free will
and do things for
themselves
• Parents’ reactions
influence child
• Examples?
Initiative vs. Guilt
• Preschool (3-6)
• Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans
• Over controlling parents can cause guilt
Competence vs. Inferiority
• Ages 6 to puberty
• Learn how to
function in social
situations
• Failure causes
inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Teens-20’s
• Refining a sense of
self by testing roles
• Integrate them into a
single identity
• Primary task for
adolescent
• Questions they ask?
Social Development
in Adolescence
Identity
• A strong, consistent
sense of who and what
you are!
• Identity search includes
the following
characteristics:
– Experimentation
– Rebellion
– “Self”-ishness
– Optimism and energy
Intimacy
• A close, sharing,
emotional, and
honest relationship
with other people
• To Erikson this is the
primary task of early
adulthood
• Not necessarily one’s
spouse or a sexual
relationship
Independence
• Begins in childhood and
picks up speed in
adolescence.
• Primary attachment:
Parents to Peers
• 97% get along fairly or
very well with parents
• “Family relationships”
were the most important
guiding principal in their
lives
The End
Module 5: Adolescence
Three Key
Developmental Issues
1. Continuity and Stages
• How much of behavior is continuous
and how much follows a more stage like
development?
Types of Growth Patterns
2. Stability and Change
• Which developmental traits remain
stable over time, and which change?
3. Nature and Nurture
• How much of our behavior is due to
nature and how much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in
development?