Transcript Ethical Behavior

Chapter 4
Attitudes, Values, and
Ethics
Learning Outcomes
1 Explain the ABC model of an attitude.
2 Describe how attitudes are formed.
3 Identify sources of job satisfaction and commitment.
4 Distinguish between organizational citizenship and workplace deviance
behaviors.
5 Identify the characteristics of the source, target, and message that affect
persuasion.
6 Discuss the definition and importance of emotions at work.
7 Contrast the effects of individual and organizational influences on ethical
behavior.
8 Identify the factors that affect ethical behavior.
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Definition of Attitude
a psychological tendency expressed by
evaluating an entity with some degree of
favor or disfavor
Should poor
performance be
blamed on “bad
attitude”?
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Model of an Attitude
Component
A
B
C
ffect
Measured by
Physiological indicators
Verbal statements
about feelings
ehavioral Observed behavior
intentions Verbal statements
about intentions
ognition
Attitude scales
Verbal statements
about beliefs
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Thomson Learning.
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Example
I don’t like my
boss.
I want to
transfer to
another dept.
I believe my
boss plays
favorites.
Cognitive Dissonance
a state of tension that is produced when
an individual experiences conflict between
attitudes and behavior
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Two Influences on
Direct Experience
Attitude Formation
Social Learning
the process of deriving
attitudes from family,
peer groups, religious
organizations, and
culture
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Four Processes for Social Learning
through Modeling
The learner must
• Focus on the
model
• Retain what was
observed
• Practice the
behavior
• Be motivated
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Attitude–Behavior
Correspondence Requirements
• Attitude Specificity – a specific attitude
• Attitude Relevance – some self-interest
• Measurement Timing – measurement
close to observed behavior
• Personality Factors – ex. self-monitoring
• Social Constraints – acceptability
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Job Satisfaction
a pleasurable or positive emotional state
resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or
job experience
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JOB (DIS)SATISFACTION
[Dissatisfied workers]
• Skip work
• Quit
• Report more
psychological and
medical problems
which leads to
workplace
deviance
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Job satisfaction leads
to
Organizational
Citizenship Behavior
Which is a
reflection of
organizational
commitment
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WORK ATTITUIDES
ORGANIZATIONAL
COMMITMENT
C0MMITMENT
Continuance
Commitment
Cannot afford
to leave
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WORK ATTITUIDES
Affective
Normative
Commitment
Commitment
Desire
Perceived
Organizational
to
obligation
Commitment
Remain
to remain
The strength of an
individual’s
identification with
an organization
Process of Persuasion
Source
individual
influences
target
NEW
Attitude of the
target individual
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Characteristics
Persuadable Target –
**lower self esteem
**moderate attitudes
**good mood
Message –
**non-threatening
**acknowledging
Influential Source –
**trustworthy
**attractive
**expertise
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JOB (DIS)SATISFACTION
[Positive Emotions]
[Negative Emotions]
• Improve cognitive
functioning
• Improve health and
coping mechanisms
• Enhance creativity
lead to
workplace
deviance
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Ethical Behavior
Acting in ways consistent with one’s
personal values and the commonly held
values of the organization and society
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Ethical Theories
[Rule-Based Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act
itself rather than its effects
[Consequential Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or
results of behavior
[Character Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the character, personal
virtues, and integrity of the individual
To Make Ethical Decisions
The competence to identify ethical issues and
evaluate the consequences of alternative courses of
action,
The self-confidence to seek out different opinions
about the issue and decide what is right in terms of
a situation, and
Tough mindedness – the willingness to make
decisions when all that needs to be known
cannot be known and when the ethical issue has
no established, unambiguous solution.
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Beyond the Book:
New England Patriots Spying Scandal
In September 2007, New England Patriots coach Bill
Belichick was fined and the team penalized for using a
video camera to spy on the opposing team’s defensive
signals
Despite his unethical actions, Belichick minimized fallout
by accepting full responsibility and apologizing for the
scandal
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rights reserved.
Definition of Values
Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of
conduct or end state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to an
opposite or converse mode of conduct or
end state of existence.
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Values
Instrumental – values that represent the
acceptable behaviors to be used in
achieving some end state
Examples: honesty, politeness, courage
Terminal – values that represent
the goals to be achieved, or
the end states of existence
Examples: happiness, salvation, prosperity
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Work Values
• Achievement (career advancement)
• Concern for others (compassionate
behavior)
• Honesty (provision of accurate
information)
• Fairness (impartiality)
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Cultural Differences in Values
Chinese value an
individual’s contribution
to relationships
in the work team
Americans value an
individual’s
contribution to task
accomplishment
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Individual/Organizational Model
of Ethical Behavior
Individual Influences
Value systems
Locus of control
Machiavellianism
Cognitive moral development
Organizational Influences
Codes of conduct
Norms
Modeling
Rewards and punishments
Ethical
Behavior
Values, Ethics, and
Ethical Behavior
Value Systems – systems of beliefs
that affect what the individual
defines as right, good, and fair
Ethics – reflects the way values are
acted out
Ethical Behavior – actions
consistent with one’s values
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Locus of Control
personality variable that affects individual
behavior
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Locus of Control
[Internal]
[External ]
belief in
personal control
and personal
responsibility
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belief in control
by outside
forces (fate,
chance, other
people)
Machiavellianism
a personality characteristic indicating one’s
willingness to do whatever it takes to get
one’s own way
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Cognitive Moral Development
Cognitive Moral Development – the process of moving
through stages of maturity in terms of making ethical
decisions
Level I – Premoral Level
Stage 1 – avoid punishment
Stage 2 – serve immediate interest
Level Il – Conventional Level
Stage 3 – live up to
friends’ expectations
Stage 4 – observe
societal laws
Level llI – Principled Level
Stage 5 – principles of
justice/right
Stage 6 – self-selected
ethical principles
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rights reserved.