Transcript What are some of the structures inside a stem?

QOD #6
1/12/2015
 What
do you think is the definition of
horticulture?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
We skipped QOD #5 b/c of holiday
Syllabus?
5
Today…
 What
 You
is horticulture and why is it important?
will need to take notes
 Group
project- 12 branches of horticulture
 Presentations
What is Horticulture?
 Horticulture
 P.4
is…
Branches of Horticulture
Agronomy- Guest Speaker
 Olericulture- Guest speaker
 Pomology- Plant fruit/nut trees
 Viticulture- NEC Grape Vines
 Floriculture- Floral Design
 Greenhouse Management Turfgrass Management- Guest
Speaker

Nursery- Bob’s Floriculture
 Aboriculture- UGA Arboretum
 Landscape- Landscape front
of school
 Interioscaping- Students take
pictures of indoor plants at
places they visit
 Horticultural Therapy- Take
plants to the Nursing Home

12 Branches Presentation

Define the word

Give examples
QOD#7
1/13/2015
 What
are the 12 branches of horticulture that we
introduced yesterday?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
…
6
Today…
12 Branches of Horticulture Presentations
 Write down answers in notes
 Standards for plant parts, growth, and reproduction
 Word Fandango
 Notes on Plant Life Cycles

12 Branches Presentation

Define the word

Give examples
Word Fandango
 Annual
 Biennial
 Perennial
 Dormancy
 Vegetative
Phase
 Reproductive Phase
AFNR-GHPS-3
Identify plant parts, growth, and reproduction processes.
3.1 Compare and contrast the three phases of plant life (dormancy, vegetative,
reproductive).
3.2 Describe the difference between annuals, biennials, and perennials.
3.3 Categorize vegetative structures and functions of plant parts (i.e.…leaves,
stems, roots).
3.4 Sketch the sexual reproductive structures of plants and summarize their
functions. (e.g.,
flower, fruit, seeds).
3.5 Sketch the sexual reproductive structures of plants and summarize their
functions. (e.g.,stems, roots).
Plant Life Cycles
3.1 Compare and contrast the three phases of plant life (dormancy,
vegetative, reproductive).

What is a life cycle in a plant?
 Length of a plants life

3 Groups
 Annual
 Biennial
 Perennial
Vegetative Phase

Begins when a plant seed germinates (sprouts) and grows producing
leaves, stems, and roots.

Some plants move through this phase quickly

Others take years

Century Plant- 100 years of vegetative phase
Reproductive Phase

When a plant flowers and produces fruit

Type of plant and environmental conditions determine when a plant
enters into the reproductive phase

Plants growing in favorable environmental conditions (temperature,
moisture, nutrients) will delay plants from flowering

Unfavorable conditions cause plants to enter reproductive phase
Dormancy

Phase of slowed or inactive growth

Can occur in seeds and in mature plants

Plants enter dormancy when adverse growing conditions are present
(Cold, drought, short daylight periods)

Remain dormant until conditions are favorable

Example: Trees during the winter
Tomorrow…

Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

Please complete your jobs and sign off on the job sheet
QOD #8
 What
1/14/2015
is dormancy?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
…
7
Annuals
Germinate from seed, grow to maturity, flower, and produce seed in one growing
season.
 Flowering means death in annuals
 Deadheading: producers will remove dead or dying flowers so that the plant will
continue to live and bloom for a longer period of time
 Divided into categories:
 Summer: sensitive to cold and killed by frost; planted in the spring
 Ex: Petunias, Marigolds, Tomatoes
 Winter: Planted in the fall, grow through winter, and mature in
spring
 Ex: Broccoli, Spinach, Pansy

Biennials

Complete lifecycle in two growing seasons

During first season (usually summer) plants grow vegetatively

Become dormant during winter

Following spring- produce flowers, fruit, and die

Ex: Hollyhock, Sweet William, Cabbage, Beets
Perennials






May be herbaceous or woody
Live for more than two growing seasons
Above ground herbaceous usually die in winter but grow new shoots and leaves the
following spring from the below ground portions
 Ex: Strawberries, Asparagus, Daffodils
Woody perennials remain alive during winter but growth is slow or plants become
dormant
 Ex Trees, Shrubs, Vines
Deciduous- lose leaves during dormancy
 Ex: Apple, maple
Evergreen- retain leaves at all times
 Pines, Junipers, Hollies
Roots

Not seen and oftentimes forgotten

Usually whitish or tan in color and make up about ½ or more of the entire
plant body

Functions

Absorb water and nutrients from the soil and transport to the plant

Absorption occurs mostly in the tips of young actively growing roots

Anchor and support the top portion of the plant

Some roots can store carbohydrates to be used later for a source of energy
Word Fandango
 Primary
Root
 Secondary Root
 Root Hairs
 Root Cap
 Taproot System
 Fibrous Root System
 Adventitious Roots
Parts of a Root System
Primary Root: the first structure to emerge from a germinating seed; it
immediately begins absorbing water and minerals for growth.
 Primary root continues to grow and branch
 Secondary Root: arises from the primary root
 Seedlings and cuttings transplant best when has secondary roots
 Root Hairs: single root cells that are located a few millimeters back from
the root tip
 Found on both primary and secondary roots
 Greatest amount of water and mineral absorption occurs through the root
hairs
 Can be easily damaged through improper handling
 Root Cap: the tip of the primary root
 Has several layers of cells which protect the root as it grows through the
soil
 The area directly behind the root cap is where new cells are formed
 When a root cap comes in contact with an object (like a stone) it will
grow around it

Types of a Root System
Plant root systems are grouped according to
their growth habits
 Taproot System: the primary root grows down
from the stem with some small secondary roots
forming
 Ex: Walnut trees, dandelions, and carrots
 Fibrous System: root system made up of a
number of small primary and secondary roots
spread out through the soil
 grow shallow near the soil line
 Are subjected to drought and mineral
deficiencies
 Are easier to transplant than taproots
 Most landscape plants are fibrous

Modified Roots
 Not
all roots begin growth from root tissue
 Adventitious roots begin from the stem or leaf of the plant
 Found on climbing plants such as ivy and heartleaf
philodendron
 These plants are easily propagated using cuttings
 Tuberous roots- potatoes
Let’s go outside!

Let’s dig up some roots!

As a class, we need to find an example of as many of the terms
that we discussed today as possible

Let’s see if we can beat the other horticulture block!

Take a picture of your horticulture fandango page and let’s go!
Tomorrow…

I will not be here tomorrow or Friday
 Your assignment will be related to plant parts and will be for a
grade
 PLEASE make sure you do your jobs!
 Take
up papers person will need to take up QOD’s for the sub on
Friday

Please complete your jobs and sign off on the job sheet
QOD #9
1/15/2015
 What…?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
…
8
Today…
 Sub
Plans
 Stems Guided Notes
 Leaf Powerpoint
 Stem and Leaf Horticulture Fandango
STEM ANATOMY
What are the functions of a stem?

Stems have many
important jobs in a
plant.

Stems are responsible
for the size and shape
of a plant.

Some stems are made
of wood, and some
are herbaceous or
soft.
What are the functions of a stem?

The following are four functions of stems.
 Stems
support the leaves. They hold the leaves
in the most efficient position to collect sunlight.
 Stems
move water, minerals, and
manufactured food throughout the whole
plant. The movement of materials through
vascular tissues is known as translocation.
What are the functions of a stem?
 Stems
that are green in color help produce
food through photosynthesis. While this is
not usually the primary food production, it
can be quite important in plants with no
leaves or very small leaves.
 Stems
store food that has been
manufactured by the plant.
What are some of the structures on the
outside of a stem?

Many structures on the stem are useful to us in
identifying plants. When you first look at stems they all
seem similar. After closer observation, you will see that
it is easier to identify many plants using their stems than
it is using their leaves.

The following are some external structures on a stem.

The growing point at the tip of the stem, called the
apical meristem, is contained inside of the bud at
the end of the stem, which is called the terminal
bud.

The apical meristem is the same type of structure
that the tip of the root has and is responsible for
growth in the length of the plant.
What are some of the structures on the
outside of a stem?
 The
leaf is attached to the stem
at the node.
 The area between leaves is
called an internode.
 At the node, just above where
the leaf is attached, there is
always a side bud called the
lateral bud.
 On the outside of both terminal
and lateral buds are small
protective structures called bud
scales.
What are some of the structures on the
outside of a stem?
 When
the leaf falls off of the stem, it leaves
behind a small scar just below the lateral bud.
 This
scar is called the leaf scar.
 When
the buds sprout each spring, the bud
scales fall off, leaving behind a ring of scars
called the bud scale scar.
 The
distance between bud scale scars
represents one year’s growth of the stem.
 Lenticels
are small spots on the stem that allow
it to exchange gases with its environment.
What are
some of the
structures on
the outside of
a stem?
What are some of the structures inside a
stem?

Inside of the stem, there are tissues used to
transport materials throughout the plant.

Stem tissues are organized in one of the
following ways.

The important vascular tissues are either
found in small bundles scattered
throughout the stem or arranged in rings or
a ring of vascular bundles, which are
located in the cortex.
What are some of the structures inside a
stem?

The first way, scattered bundles, is found in
monocots.

The second way, in rings, is found in dicots.

There are three important types of tissue
found inside of the stem.
What are some of the structures inside a
stem?
The xylem is tissue that conducts the
water and minerals throughout the
plant.
 The xylem is made of tube-like cells
that grow together to conduct
liquids.
 Xylem tends to be found closer to
the center of the stem.
 It is responsible for growth in girth of
the stem and is generally found
between the xylem and the phloem.

What are some of the structures inside a
stem?

The phloem is tissue that conducts food
that is produced in the leaf to the rest of
the plant.

Phloem cells also form tubes.

Phloem is generally found toward the
outside of the stem.
What are some of the structures inside a
stem?

Vascular cambium is tissue that is
responsible for the production of new
xylem and phloem.

It is responsible for growth in girth of the
stem and is generally found between the
xylem and the phloem.
What are some of the structures inside a
stem?

The darker wood to the center of the tree is
called the heartwood.
 The
xylem cells of the heartwood have filled with
gums, resins, pigments, and tannins.
 They
provide strength and no longer function in
conducting materials.
• The lighter wood circling the
heartwood is called the
sapwood.
―The younger sapwood actively
conducts water and dissolved
minerals.
What are some of the structures inside a
stem?

The age of a tree can be determined by
counting annual growth rings.

During rapid growth, the cells of the
wood are thin walled and
large in
diameter.
• As growth slows during midto-late summer, the wood cells
produced by the cambium
become smaller and have
thicker walls.
• Each ring is the growth during
one growing season.
What are some different kinds of
specialized stems?

We generally expect stems to be upright
and above ground.

Some stems are modified to store food or
to help the plant reproduce.

Some stems grow beneath the soil instead
of above it.

The following are some types of specialized
stems.
What are some different kinds of
specialized stems?

A bulb is a very short flattened stem
that has several fleshy leaves
attached to it.

Bulbs tend to be found beneath the
soil. An onion is a bulb.

A corm is a spherical structure, much
like a bulb. The entire structure,
however, is stem as opposed to stem
and leaves. A gladiolus is a corm.
What are some different kinds of
specialized stems?

A rhizome is a thick
underground stem that lies
horizontally. Hostas and
Mother-in-law’s Tongue are
rhizomes.

A stolon is a horizontal stem
that lies above the ground.
Stolons are sometimes called
runners and tend to be
involved with the spreading of
the plant. Strawberries spread
by stolon.
What are some different kinds of
specialized stems?

A tuber is a rhizome with a tip that is
swollen with stored food. Irish
potatoes are tubers.
What are
some different
kinds of
specialized
stems?
y
•What are the functions of a
stem?
•What are some of the
structures on the outside of a
stem?
•What are some of the
structures inside a stem?
•What are some different kinds
of specialized stems?
QOD #10
1/16/2015
…
ANNOUNCEMENTS
…
9
Today…
 Sub
Plans
 Stems Guided Notes
 Leaf Powerpoint
 Stem and Leaf Horticulture Fandango
Leaf Anatomy
Blade
Apex
Vein
Midrib
Petiole
Stem
Stomata- pores in the epidermis of leaves (not pictured)
Petiole- stalk connecting the blade of a leaf the stem
Midrib-main vein running down the center of the blade
Apex-the tip of the leaf
Vein-provides support as well as food and water transport
through the leaf
Blade- flat surface that is designed to capture sunlight
Leaf venation
Leaf types (Pictured below
are
three types of compound leaves)
Leaf organization
Palmately Compound Leaf
With Pinnate Venation
Single Leaf
With Palmate Venation
Don’t confuse palmate venation
with a palmate leaf
Stomata
They consist of two specialized cells,
called guard cells that surround a tiny
pore called a stoma. The word stomata
means "mouth" in Greek because they
allow communication between the
internal and external environments of
the plant. Their main function is to allow
gases such as carbon dioxide, water
vapor and oxygen to move rapidly into
and out of the leaf. Stomata are found
on all above-ground parts of plants
including the petals of flowers, petioles,
soft herbaceous stems and leaves.
Modified Leaves - Spines

In the case of cactus, the reduction of
leaf surface reduces water loss and also
may deter predators. Spines should not
be confused with thorns, such as those
on roses which are modified stems.

Poinsettias and dogwoods have relatively inconspicuous,
small, greenish-yellow flowers.However, both plants produce
large modified leaves,called bracts (mostly colored red in
poinsettias and white or pink in dogwoods).
Reproductive Leaves

Several plants, notably
Kalanchoe,produce tiny but
complete plantlets along their
margins. Each plantlet, when
separated from the leaf, is
capable of growing
independently into a full-sized
plant.
Insectivorous Leaves

Plants with insectivorous leaves often grow in acid swamps deficient
in needed elements, or containing elements in forms not readily
available to the plants; this inhibits the plants’ capacities to maintain
metabolic processes sufficient to meet their growth requirements.
Their needs are, however, met by the supplementary absorption of
nutrients from the animal kingdom.
cher Plants

Pitcher plants (for example,
Sarracenia, Darlingtonia,
Nepenthes) have coneshaped leaves in which
rainwatercan accumulate. The
insides of the leaves are very
smooth, but there are stiff,
downward-pointing hairs at the
rim. An insect falling into such a
leaf finds it verydifficult to
escape and eventually drowns.
The nutrients released when
bacteria, and in most species
digestive enzymes,
decompose the insect bodies
are absorbed into the leaf.
enus Fly Trap

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea
muscipula) produces leaves
that look hinged at the midrib.
When tiny trigger hairs on the
leaf blade are stimulated by a
moving insect, the two halves
of the leaf snap shut, and
digestive enzymes break down
the soft parts of the trapped
insect into nutrients that can be
absorbed through the leaf
surface. Nitrogen is the most
common nutrient needed.
Curiously, the Venus flytrap will
not survive in a nitrogen-rich
environment, perhaps a tradeoff made in the intricate
evolutionary process that
resulted in its ability to capture
and digest insects.
QOD #12
 What
1/20/2015
did you do on your MLK break?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
You will need a new QOD
sheet and will need to skip
a box for MLK day.
SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE
IN 3 DAYS!!
10
Today…
 Finish/Print
 Go
in
Leaf PPTs
over Assignments that were supposed to be turned
Tomorrow…

Review Day!

We are playing Pictionary 

You have 5 minutes to do your jobs and sign off
QOD #13
1/21/2015
 What
was the most interesting thing you
learned this unit?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE
IN 2 DAYS!!
11
Today…
 Since
you reviewed yesterday, let’s go look for samples!
Sample Scavenger Hunt
Get in groups of 4
 Your task is to find as many samples of the roots, stems, and leaves
that we have discussed as possible
 You will present these in front of the class
 The group with the most examples will get a bag of chips

Tomorrow…

Unit Test

We will take and grade the test

Then we are going outside 
You have 5 minutes to do your jobs and sign off
QOD #14
1/22/2015
 What
should you do to prepare for your
test today?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE
TOMORROW!!
12
Today…
 Unit
Test- You have 15 minutes to study
 We will take the test and then grade them
 Then we are going outside to look for flowers
Tomorrow…

SAE Planning forms are due! No exceptions!

We will begin discussing sexual reproduction in plants

You will be dissecting flowers- bwah ha ha ha ha (evil laugh)

You have 5 minutes to do your jobs and sign off
QOD #15
1/23/2015
 What
was the most difficult part of the
test yesterday?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE
TODAY!!
12
TODAY…

SAE Planning forms are due! No exceptions!

We are going to go over the test

We are going to go out to the garden
MONDAY…
 Pass
out graded SAE agreement forms
 Give out SAE Record Books and go over
 Sexual reproduction in plants
 Dissect Flowers (*Bwah ha ha ha- evil laugh*)
 #doyourjob
 #signthesheet
 #donttearupmyclassroom