Transcript Semester Review Powerpoint

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
1./9. Define pioneer species and climax community.
Pioneer species are the first organisms to come into an environment.
A climax community is the stage of the environment where resources are
used efficiently and balance is maintained; stable environment, equilibrium
BIOMES
2. How and why is the soil in a
rainforest different than other
biomes?
Rainforest soil is poor in nutrients
because of the high number of
organisms that live in the soil and
because of erosion by water. Any
dead leaves or vegetation are
consumed quickly.
BIODIVERSITY
3. How does a change in
habitat reduce biodiversity?
When the environment
experiences a change like a loss
of land, pollution, or a
catastrophic event it can affect
a variety of organisms, then
that reduces biodiversity.
ADAPTATIONS
4. What are some adaptations
plants made to live in a desert?
Desert plants need to survive with
little moisture. Needles as leaves
will help them prevent loss of so
much water in the heat. A waxy
cuticle (skin) also helps a cactus
not lose so much water.
Animals burrow and hunt at night
(nocturnal) to stay cool.
ADAPTATIONS
5. What are some adaptations
plants made to live in a
rainforest?
Large leaves help to collect rain
water for animals. The CANOPY
is the upper part of the trees
where there’s lots of life—insects,
birds, reptiles, mammals, etc.
ECOLOGY
6. What forces act upon a plant
as it grows?
As a plant grows, the force inside
(turgor pressure) helps it to
break through and grow/stay
upright.
Plant responds to light
(phototropism), gravity
(geotropism), and water
(hydrotropism).
TROPISM AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
7. What is the plants response to stimuli and
how could it be tested?
A positive response is when the plant grows
towards that force; if it grows away from the
force, it is negative.
To test a plant response, you could design and
perform an experiment. This is part of scientific
method = problem, hypothesis, research,
experiment, analyze data, make conclusion.
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
9. What occurs during primary succession?
Successions is a gradual change of the environment. If there is no soil present,
succession is called primary succession. It may take hundreds or thousands of
years. First, lichens might come; they will help break down rock and create
soil. Mosses, shrubs, grasses, wildflowers, insects, birds, shrubs, small animals,
trees, etc.
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
10. What occurs during secondary succession?
If there is already soil present, succession will progress faster. After a wildfire is
an example. It is called S- s-s-secondary succession.
• 11. LESS ENERGY IS AVAILABLE AS WE GO UP THE
ENERGY PYRAMID. ENERGY IS USED FOR LIFE PROCESSES
AND RELEASED AS HEAT.
GRASS
12.
FIELD MOUSE
BACTERIA
HAWK
• 13./14. IF WE REMOVE THE FLOWERS, . . . .
• IF WE REMOVE THE BIRD, . . . .
WEATHERING AND EROSION
18. How are canyons formed? Sand
dunes? Barrier islands? Sand bars?
Canyons are formed due to
weathering (break down of rock)
and erosion (movement of soil)
caused by wind and water. Sand
dunes are mounds of sand that
were deposited by wind or water.
Wind or water move the sand and
deposit it somewhere else
(deposition).
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
19. What properties of the moon do not allow for life?
NO WATER
NO ATMOSPHERE
NO WEATHER/CLIMATE = too hot and too cold
- temperatures vary from -172 degrees Celcius to 114 degrees Celsius
(-277.6—57.2 degrees Fahrenheit)
WEATHERING AND EROSION
19. What effect does
weathering and erosion have
on structures such as mountains
and volcanoes?
Weathering and erosion can
change the shape of mountains
and volcanoes over time—
slowly breaking down sides,
smoothing sides, etc.
WEATHERING AND EROSION
20. Why do coastlines change
shape over time?
Coastlines change shape over
time due to erosion.
Water/waves are probably the
main cause. Winds from
hurricanes also.
WEATHERING AND EROSION
21. What effect does deposition
have on a particle of sand?
A particle of sand can get
moved and re-deposited
somewhere else by wind or
water.
POLLUTION
22./26. What are the phases of
the water cycle and what
type of pollution could occur
at each stage?
Water cycle: continuous
movement of water
throughout Earth. Water
takes on various phases.
Runoff—water that runs-off
the surface
Evaporation—liquid to gas—can trap
pollution from air—lead to acid rain;
Condensation—water vapor (gas) to liquid.
Water picks up pollution.
Precipitation—water or ice falls to Earth’s
surface.
FORCE AND MOTION
23./24. Define work. When is
work being done on an object?
Work = force x distance.
Is there a push/pull? Is the
object moving? Is it moving in
the SAME direction as that
force?
Force is a push/pull.
FORCE AND MOTION
24. Give an example of a
situation where work is equal to
zero?
Object not moving
- Pushing a wall
- Walking while carrying my
backpack
- Holding a weight over your
head
AQUIFERS
25. How would dumping chemicals
affect the environment?
Dumping chemicals can become
part of run-off that can end up on
rivers, lakes, ponds, streams. It can
also move through permeable rock
and pollute the groundwater. Well
water will become contaminated
POLLUTION
27. How would an oil spill in a
body of water affect the
environment?
An oil spill to a body of water
can affect all animals in that
habitat—even on beach. For
example, ocean. Coral,
plankton, fish will be mostly be
affected. Birds in surrounding
area can migrate.
CASTASTROPHIC
EVENTS
28. How do floods effect the
environment? Forest fires?
Volcanoes? Drought?
Floods—decrease native
(already live there) plants,
animals may move,
contaminate drinking water.
Replenish nutrients to soil;
serve for breeding grounds for
large fish populations.
CASTASTROPHIC
EVENTS
28. How do floods effect the
environment? Forest fires?
Volcanoes? Drought?
Forest fires—destroy habitat,
plants, animals move, but soil
remains. It eliminates
invasive species; enriches soil
with nutrients; some plants
need heat to distribute seeds.
CASTASTROPHIC
EVENTS
28. How do floods effect the
environment? Forest fires?
Volcanoes? Drought?
Volcanoes—destroy
animal/plant life, everything
covered by hardened lava—
primary succession, ashes/dust =
block sunlight, affects plants,
reduces temperatures.
Ash and lava are rich in
nutrients; creates new land.
CASTASTROPHIC
EVENTS
28. How do floods effect the
environment? Forest fires?
Volcanoes? Drought?
Drought—not enough water,
animals will die if they don’t
migrate (move), plants can die.
Wetlands dry out for habitat for
water fowl; plants dormant in
soil can germinate and grow.
FORCE AND MOTION
31. Draw 2 pictures in which a
force is being applied to an
object. Use arrows to represent
the magnitude of the force.
A. In picture 1 draw an object
moving.
B. In picture 2 draw an object
remaining motionless.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
32. What properties of the Earth
allow for life?
Proximity to sun, composition of
atmosphere, presence of water
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
33. What inventions allowed for
humans to explore space?
Space shuttles (travel to
overcome gravity), space suits
(pressure control, oxygen tank,
temperature control), tethers
and foot rests to overcome
gravity.