Transcript Seed Plants

Adapting to Life on Land
Chapter 21.1
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Characteristics of Plants (233)
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Review
Photosynthesis Video
Multicellular eukaryote
Nucleus has true nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Thick cell walls of cellulose
Stem and leaves have waxy waterproof coating
called _______________.
The cuticle helps plants to reduce water loss
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Cuticle of a stem
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What are the basic plant organs? (234)
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A ________ is a plant organ that grows from the
stem.
 Photosynthesis usually occurs here
 Plants have uniquely different shapes & sizes
Photosynthesis RAP
Plant video: Form and Structure
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What are the basic plant organs?
(234)
_________ are the plant organ
that absorbs water and nutrients
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Tissues transport
Anchor a plant to ground
Some function as food
storage (sweet potatoes)
Root hairs increase
absorption area
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Basic plant organs (234)
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A __________ provides support for growth
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Moves water from roots to leaves
Moves sugar (food) from leaves to roots
Contains tissues for transporting food, water and
other materials
Sometimes contain food storage or photosynthesis
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Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2
What is the structure of ferns?
1. (has roots, stems, and leaves)
2. The main stem is underground and
is called a ________.
3. On the under area of a frond, the
leaves you may see tiny brown
circles. These clusters are sporeproducing __________. Each
cluster forms a _______.
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Most plants we are familiar with have stems
made of tube-like, long cells for transporting
water and food called ________ ______
Most of the vascular
tissue is found in the
trunk and stems
Water
Transport
Video
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Vascular and Nonvascular Plants
(235)
Plants that contain vascular tissue are called
___________ _________.
 Can transport water a _________ _________
 Have fibers to be able to grow tall
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Nonvascular plants include mosses, hornworts, and
liverworts and do not contain vascular tissue.
 Reproduce with alternations of generations
 Only are a few cells thick
 Water and nutrients travel by osmosis
 Live close to the ground
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Hornwort (Nonvascular plant)
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Nonvascular Plants
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Liverworts
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Nonvascular Plants
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Moss
Reproduction in Mosses
Video
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What is a seed? (235)
29)A __________ is a plant organ that contains an
embryo and food supply covered in a hard
protective coat.
30) Protects the embryo from drying out
31) Seed are __________, since they contain two of
each kind of chromosome.
32) In non-seed plants such as in mosses and fern,
the sperm require a film of water on the plant in
order to reach the EGG.
 This is why moist habitats are required
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Seed
Embryo
Seed coat
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Food supply 15
COTYLEDON
What is alternation of generations
in plants? (235)
33) Includes two stages, one generation is the
____________ generation, which produces
gametes of ___________ cells.
34) During the sporophyte generation, _______
are produced, which are _________.
35) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns,
spores are released and grow into
____________ gametophyte plants, producing
_______ and _________ gametes.
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Alternation of Generations
Asexual reproduction
(2n)
Sexual reproduction
(1n)
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Fern Life Cycle (alternation of generations)
36) In non-seed vascular
plants such as ferns,
spores are released and
grow into haploid
gametophyte plants,
produce male and
female gametes.
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Alternation of Generations
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Mature Fern
Sorus under frond
Sporangium with spore
diploid
haploid
Egg and Sperm
unite producing
Sporophyte
Young sporophyte
Spore
Germinates
Prothallus
Archegonia & antheridium on
Prothallus
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Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2
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Sporangia
(spores)
 Frond
Under frond
- Sorus
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Chapter 22.1 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 97
9. Nonvascular plants are not as common or as widespread as vascular
plants (B) the life functions of nonvascular plants require a close
association with water.
10. The life cycle of nonvascular plants includes an alternation of
generation between a (c) diploid sporophyte and a haploid
gametophyte)
11. Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that the first land plants were
(C) liverworts.
Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98
Unlike vascular plants, the spore-producing (1) sporophyte is the
dominant generation in vascular plants. A major advance in
vascular plants was the adaptation of (2) leaves to form structures
that protect the developing (3) reproductive cells or zygote.
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What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)
(Alternation of Generations) (6 – 18)
The lives of all plants consist of two alternating stages, or (6)
generations. The gametophyte generation of a plant is
responsible for development of (7) gametes. All cells of the
gametophyte, including the gametes are haploid. The (9)
sporophyte generation is responsible for the production of
spores. All cells of the sporophyte are (10) diploid . The
spores are produced by the sporophyte plant by (11) meiosis
and are, therefore, haploid.
12. The lives of seed plants include two generations that
alternate.
13. The generation of a plant responsible for producing
gametes is the gametophyte generation.
14. Gametophyte spores are haploid and sporophyte tissue
cells are diploid.
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What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)
15. Non-seed plants release spores into the environment that
grow into gametophytes.
16. What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular
plants? Vascular plants have long, tube-like cells that
form tissues that transport food, water, and other
materials. Nonvascular plants have thin tissues that
allow nutrients and water to travel from one cell to
another by osmosis and diffusion.
17. Some land plants produce seeds. What is their function?
How do they differ from spores? Seeds protect the
embryos and spores protect haploid cells and keep them
from drying out. Seeds have a diploid embryo and a
food supply that are covered with a protective coat.
Spores have a haploid cell with a hard protective
covering.
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What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)
18. How do algae and land plants take in substances? Algae
live in water and absorb dissolved substances directly
into their cells. Most land plants absorb dissolved
substances from the soil.
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Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (238)
37) Phylogeny of Plants (evolutionary history)
 Scientists who study plants are ________
38) Non-seed Plants: use spores to reproduce.
39) Hepaticophytes: non-seed plants called liverworts;
nonvascular, use osmosis and diffusion, to absorb
water & nutrients
40) May be ancestors to all plants.
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Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239)
41) Anthocerophytes are very small, nonvascular and
grow in damp shady habitats. They rely on osmosis
and diffusion to transport nutrients. Are also called
_____________ (resemble horns of animals)
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Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239)
42) Bryophytes: are the mosses; are nonvascular; have
cells that transport water and sugar. Usually less than 5
cm. tall.
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Vascular plants
43) Lycophytes: Vascular plants that have stems, roots,
and leaves. Another name are the ______________
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Seed Plants:
44) Seed Plants: Have a seed that consists of a
plant embryo and a food supply and covered by
a hard protective coat. All seed plants have
vascular tissue
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Vascular plants
Cycads:
45) Look like palm trees but are not.
46) Produce male and female ________, are scaly
structures that support male or female
reproductive structures.
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47) Commonly called ________________
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Cycads
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Survey of the Plant Kingdom
21.2 (241)
Ginkgophytes: Ginkgo biloba are small trees with
fan-shaped leaves. Male and female
reproductive structures on separate trees.
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Ginkgo biloba: male
Ginkgo biloba: female
Ginkgo biloba:
sperm
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Conifers
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Conifers are _________ bearing trees.
Pine, fir, cypress, and redwood
Produce seeds in cones
Many have needlelike leaves
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Douglas Fir:
Conifer
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Giant Sequoia:
Conifer
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Pacific yew:
Conifer
Common Juniper:
Conifer
Pine Tree:
Conifer
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Anthophytes:
Intro to Gymno and Angio
Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Anthophytes:
51) Only Flowering plants
Plant reproduction
Methods Video
52) Produce flowers from which fruits develop
53) A fruit usually contains one or more seeds
Flowers
and
Fruits
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Chapter 22.1 Reinforcement an Study Guide page 97
1. Nonvascular plants are successful in habitats with adequate water.
2. The gametophyte generation is dominant in nonvascular plants.
3. Sperm are produced in male reproductive structures called
antheridia, and the eggs are produced in female reproductive
structures called archegonia.
4. Mosses have colorless multicellular structures called rhizoids,
which help anchor the stem to the soil. (underground stem)
5. Most liverworts have cuticles, or an oily or a shiny surface that
helps reduce evaporation of the water from the plant’s tissue.
6. Liverworts occur in many environments and include two groups:
the thallose liverworts and the leafy liverworts.
7. One unique feature of hornworts is the presence of one to several
chloroplasts in each cell.
8. The common names for the nonvasculare plants in bryophyta,
ehpaticophyta, and anthocerphyta are mosses,
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liverworts,hornworts.Hickox: Baker High School
Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98
In some non-seed vascular plants, spore-bearing leaves form a
compact cluster called a(n) (4) strobilus . Spores are released from
this compact cluster. These spores then grow to form the
gametophyte, called a(n) (5) prothallus. This structure is relatively
small and lives in or on soil. The prothallus then forms (6)
antheridia, male reproductive structures, and (7) archegonia, female
reproductive structures. (8) Sperm are released from an antheridium
and swim through a film of water to the (9) egg in an archegonium.
(10) Fertilization occurs and a large, dominant sporophyte plant
develops from the (11) zygote.
Do not grade 12,13,14,15
12. (false) The leafy stems of lycophytes resemble clubs, and their
reproductive structures are moss shaped.
13. (true) The leaves of lycophytes occur as pairs, whorls, or spirals
along the stem.
14. (false) Lycophytes are simple vascular plants with creeping leaves.
15. (true) The club moss is commonly called ground pine because it
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is evergreen and resembles
a miniature pine tree.
Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 99
16. The hollow-stemmed horsetail appears to be jointed with scalelike
leaves surrounding each joint.
17. The most recognized generation of ferns is the sporophyte
generation.
18. The gametophyte in most ferns is a thin, flat structure.
19. In most ferns, the main stem, called a rhizome is underground. It
contains many starch-filled cells for storage.
20. The leaves of a fern are called fronds and grow upward from the
rhizome.
21. Fronds are often divided into pinnae , which are attached to a
central rachis.
22. Ferns were the first vascular plants to evolve leaves with
branching veins of vascular ranchis.
23. The common names for the seedless vascular plants, lycophyta,
arthrophyta, and pterophyta are club or spike mosses, horsetails,
ferns.
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Seed Plants 22.3 (250)
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What is a seed plant?
Vascular plant that produces seeds.
Seeds are surrounded by fruit or scales of a cone.
In the sporophyte, the spores develop into male and female
gametophytes.
The male gametophyte is inside the ______ _______
The female gametophyte produces the egg cell inside the
__________.
The ovule form the _______ after fertilization. (the union of
egg and sperm).
After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo.
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Seed Plants 22.3 (251)
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Embryos of seed plants include one or more
____________.
Cotyledons for the developing embryo.
Cotyledons are leaf-like structures on the plant’s stems,
when the plant comes through the soil.
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Seed Plants 22.3 (251)
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What are the advantages of seeds?
A seed is an embryo and its food supply is
inside tough outer coating.
Two groups: those whose seeds are not
protected by fruit are called _____________ or
“naked seeds”.
Seeds that are protected by fruit are called
______________. A fruit includes ripened
ovary of a flower.
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Anatomy of a Flower 22.3
pistil
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113.
anther
pollen
filament
Stamen
Male parts:
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ovary
Pistil
Female parts:
Style (pollen tube)
Stigma
(sticky)
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ovary
anther
filament
Pollen lands on stigma,
travels down pollen
tube until it units with
ovary at fertilization.
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style
stigma
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Monocot vs. Dicots
What are monocot and dicots?
61) Monocotyledons have one seed leaf or monocot.
Monocots also have 1 food source called a cotyledon.
62) Dicotyledons have two seed leaves or dicot. Dicots
also have 2 food sources are called cotyledons.
Monocots vs
Dicots Video
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Flowering plants are either monocots or dicots
Seed
Root
Stem
Leaf
Flower
one
cotyledon
in seed
Monocots
root xylem and
phloem in a ring
vascular bundles
scattered in stem
leaf veins form a
parallel pattern
flower parts in threes
and multiples of three
root phloem
between arms of
xylem
vascular bundles
in a distinct ring
leaf veins form a
net pattern
flower parts in fours or
fives and their multiples
two
cotyledons
in seed
Dicots
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Monocot versus Dicot
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Monocots (Single cotyledon)
 Root vascular tissue occurs in ring.
 Parallel leaf venation.
 Flowers in 3s or multiple of 3s
Dicots (Two cotyledons)
 Xylem and phloem scattered
 Netted leaf venation.
 Flowers in 4s or 5s or multiples of 4s or 5s
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Life Span of a Plant
63). Plants that live for only one year or less;
they sprout from seeds, grow, reproduce and
then die are ___________.
64) Most are green stem and have no woody
tissue.
65) Examples are _______, peas, _______
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Life Span of a Plant (255)
66) Plants that have two year life spans are
_________. During the first year
biennials grow leaves and develop a
strong root system. During the second
year, food stored in the roots is used
to produce new shoot, flowers, and seeds.
67) Examples are _________, beets, and
_______
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Life Span of a Plant (255) 116.
68)___________ live for several years.
They produce flowers and seed
periodically, usually once a year. They
have woody stems and roots remain
dormant.
69)Examples are __________ ,
___________, and _____________
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Plant Tissues
70) Sclerenchyma cells are thick and rigid.
71) Provide support and strength
72) Source of fiber for rope & linen.
Plant Tissues
73) ___________ functions like the skin of an animal.
74) Protects with waxy cuticle
(prevents water loss)
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Plant Tissues
75) __________ are openings in the leaf that control the
exchange of gases.
What Gasses? ___________What Molecules? _____
76) Two ___________ surround each stoma and
controls the flow of water vapor from the leaf.
STOMATA
VIDEO
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Stomata
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Transport Tissues
What do vascular tissue transport?
77) __________ is made of tubelike cells that transport water.
(xylem up)
78) _________ transports sugars
in long tubes arranged end to
end with sieve plates.
(phloem down)
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Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Roots
79) Are plant organs
80) Anchor a plant
81) Absorb water and dissolved minerals
82) Contain vascular tissues
83)____________ are single thick structures
with smaller branching roots.
84) Store food
85) Examples are beets and carrots
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Root Hairs Increase Surface Area
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Roots, Stems, and Leaves 23.2
Roots
85). ____________ roots have many small branching roots
that grow from a central point. Grass is a good example
86) Prop roots, found in corn plants begin above ground
and help support.
___________
__________
____________
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Roots, Stems, and Leaves 23.2
What is transpiration?
87) The loss of water through the stomata is
called ________________
88) The waxy cuticle and stomata help
reduce water loss
Transpiration video
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