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Biology
Chapter 21
Kingdom
Plantae
Life on Land
1.
2.
Need protection from
drying out
Need to exchange gases
with surrounding air
Life on Land
3.
4.
Need a transport system
Need to grow upright
#1
– waxy layer that
covers plant
Spores can be formed
Cuticles
#1
Cuticles
Helps prevent the
evaporation of
water from plant
Acts as a barrier
tissues
to invading
microorganisms
#2
Carbon
Dioxide and Oxygen
diffuse through Pores in the
cuticle
Stomata
#2
Adaptations that
enable the exchange
of gases even with
the presence of a
cuticle on a plant
Openings in the
outer cell layer of
leaves and some
stems
#3
Can
transport nutrients two
ways:
– Osmosis and Diffusion
– Vascular tissues
#4
Cells
have rigid walls
enabling them to grow
upright
Types of Plants
Nonvascular
= no vascular
tissues
Vascular = vascular tissues
Nonvascular Plants
Two Types
– Mosses and
Liverworts
Both have low resistance to
drying out
Green in color
Nonvascular Plants
small – two to three
inches tall
Grow in clumps or dense
carpets
Found in shady, damp areas
Help with Decomposing
Very
Mosses
Feathery
or velvety
Thin leaf-like structures
attached to a creeping stalk
Bryophyta
Most familiar bryophytes are the mosses
Structures that are similar to leaves
Carpet of moss
Leafy stems
Rhizoids
Produce root like, multicellular
rhizoids that anchor them to soil or
another surface
Water and other substances move
throughout a moss by osmosis and
diffusion.
Liverworts
Look
like moss but are flat
and leathery
Body is called a THALLUS
Hepaticophyta
Hepaticophytes are referred to as
liverworts.
Found in a variety of habitats
Water, nutrients, and other substances
are transported by osmosis and
diffusion.
Most
primitive of
land plants
Leafy liverwort
Thallose liverwort
Transport
Use
osmosis and diffusion
Both have root-like
structures called RHIZOIDS
Anchor them to soil, wood,
water
Plant Life Cycle
Two
alternating generations,
Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte generation
produces gametes, all cells are
haploid
Sporophyte generation produces
spores, cells are diploid
Plant Life Cycle
Young
gametophyte
Sperm + Egg
Spores
Haploid
Fertilization
Meiosis
Diploid
Zygote
Capsule
Young
Sporophyte