Transcript history of sugar cane

THE SUGAR CANE
LEAF HOPPER
PYRILLA PERPUSILLA
SYSTEMATIC POSITION;
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
-
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Fulgoridae
Pyrilla
Perpusilla
INTRODUCTION
 The term was given by Walker in 1851.
 It was found in Punjab for the first time in 1917 at
Lahore.
 Four years later it was found damaging maize [Zea
mays] at agricultural farm Lyallpur.
 It was on the introduction of soft and broad leaves
varities of sugarcane [Saccharum officinarum] in
1920.
DISTRIBUTION
 Pest is found throughout the Indian subcontinent
from Afghanistan to Burma & Thailand.
 Widely distributed in Punjab, where it has been
recorded from the various localities :
 Ferozpur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana,
Hissar, Lyallpur, Karnal, Patiala etc..
 Outside the Punjab it has been recorded in Bihar,
Orissa, Nagpur, Uttar Pradesh.
FOOD PLANTS
WINTER
 Wheat [Triticum spp]
 Barley [Hordeum
vulgare]
 Oats [Avena sativa]
 Swank grass [Panicum
colonum]
SUMMER
 Chari [Andropogon
sorghum]
 Maize [Zea mays]
 Bajra [Pennisetum
typhoidum]
 Guinea grass [Panicum
maximum]
LIFE STAGES
EGG:
 Length = 1mm
 Breadth = o.47mm
 Elongated oval, chorion smooth.
 Pale white to light bluish when freshly laid,
developing an ochraeous brown tinge before
hatching.
EGG’S OF PYRILLA
EGG’S OF PYRILLA
LIFE STAGES
NYMPH:
 Initially greenish, later turn pale brownish.
 Wingless & with a pair of anal filaments covered
with a fluffy waxy material.
 Starts feeding by sucking sap from the cane leaves.
 Nymphs are very hard & not affected by frost.
 It undergoes 4-5 moults.
NYMPH
LIFE STAGES
ADULT:
 Length = 7-8mm
 Soft, light brown with a pointed snout bearing
piercing and sucking mouthparts.
 Prominent red eyes and a pair of whitish brown
anal processes with white mealy wax.
 Wings have dark patches.
ADULT
ADULT
LIFE HISTORY
 Pyrilla breeds throughout the year & migrates from
one crop to another for fresh food.
 The adults are fairly long lived.
 From emergence to death of males is between 27130 days with an average of 80 days.
 The females average is rather longer than males.
PRE-OVIPOSITION
 The duration of pre-oviposition periods depends
upon the season:
 During April to October it lasts for 13-25 days with
an average of 19 days.
 During November-December it lasts for 24-47 days
with an average of 32 days.
OVIPOSITION
 A female dies soon after oviposition during
summer but lives for a long time in winter.
 For example during the period from April to
October during 1931-1935 female lived 1-9 days
while during November to March they lived 50-118
days.
 In summer the female leafhopper lays eggs in
clusters on the undersurface of leaf and within the
leafsheaths in winters.
EGG’S OF PYRILLA
EGGS CLUSTER
WITHIN LEAFSHEATH
UNDERSURFACE OF LEAF
OVIPOSITION
 There are 300-500 eggs in a cluster.
 Eggs are laid by installments, the oviposition
period occupying 15-126 days.
 Eggs laid in April-October hatches out in 8-10
days.
 Eggs laid during mid-October- mid-November &
mid-November- mid-December takes 20-29 days
and 25-41 days respectively to hatch.
THE NYMPHAL INSTARS
 There are 5 nymphal instars, the duration of which
varies according to the season.
 From April to September the seperate stages
averaged 7-11 days with a total period of 28-69
days.
 Those hatching in October averaged 17-41 days
with a total period of 160 days.
 Those hatching in January averaged 14-32 days
with a total of 103 days.
THE NYMPHAL INSTARS
THE ADULT
 Adult lives 4-7 weeks in Summer
and 18-20 weeks in Winter.
 Entire life cycle takes 65 days in
Summer and 160 days in Winter.
LIFE CYCLE
SEASONAL HISTORY
DAMAGE
 Both adult & nymphs do damage, sucking the juice
usually from underside of a leaf.
 The attacked leaf became pale & wilted.
 The pest produces “Honeydew” an excellent
substratum for the development of soothy mould
[Capnodium spp.].
 The mould interfers in the proper functioning of
leaves.
ADULT PYRILLA & NYMPH DAMAGING
THE CROP
 The mould interferes with photosynthesis and
adversely affects the quantity and quality of
crop.
 The sugar content of the crop falls upto 35%.
 The glucose content increases while sucrose
decreases.
CONTROL
 MECHANICAL
METHOD’S:
 Burning all the thrash
after harvesting the
sugarcane crop in an
infected field.
Uprooting & Destruction Of Seriously
Infected Plants
CHEMICAL METHOD’S
 Dusting the infected
crop with 10% BHC &
10% Carbaryl or 5%
Malathione @ 20-40
kg/ha
SPRAY ENDOSULPHAN OR FENITROTHION
BIOLOGICAL METHOD’s
 Introducing hyper
parasite:
 Tetrastychus pyrillae
parasitize the eggs.
 Dryinus pyrillae parasitized
the nymphs
CONCLUSION
 Pyrilla perpusilla is one of the most destructive
sugarcane pest.
 Widely distributed, also feeds on oats, wheat,
barley, maize, chari etc..
 Three life stages: Egg, Nymph & Adult.
 Causes destruction in functioning of leaves.
 Control can be done by Mechanical, Chemical and
Physical methods.
THANK YOU
]