Transcript KEEPING PLANTS HEALTHY

KEEPING PLANTS
HEALTHY
CHAPTER 10
AGRISCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office
July, 2002
August 2008
FIVE MAJOR CATEGORIES
OF PESTS
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INSECTS
NEMATODES
DISEASES
WEEDS
RODENTS
August 2008
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSECTS
• Insects have three pair of legs.
• Insects body is divided into three sections:
head, thorax and abdomen.
• The legs and wings, if any, are on the
thorax.
• The abdomen usually has no attachments.
August 2008
TWO TYPES OF MOUTH
PARTS
• CHEWING : Bite off, chew and swallow
parts of plants; examples include
cutworms, bean beetles and armyworms.
• SUCKING : Suck sap from a plant;
examples include aphids, chinch bugs,
thrips, squash bugs and leafhoppers.
August 2008
METAMORPHOSIS
FOUR STAGES
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1. EGG
2. LARVA
3. PUPA
4. ADULT
Examples of insects with complete
metamorphosis include moths and
butterflies, beetles and boll weevils.
August 2008
INCOMPLETE
METAMORPHOSIS
• 1. EGG
• 2. NYMPH
• 3. ADULT
• EXAMPLE IS A GRASSHOPPER
August 2008
WAYS INSECTS ARE
BENEFICIAL
• IMPROVE THE SOIL - Allow air to enter the soil
or bury decaying parts of plants: ants,wild bees
and beetles.
• HELP POLLINATE PLANTS - Spread pollen
from plant to plant: bees, butterflies, wasps and
beetles.
• DESTROY INSECTS - Attack and destroy
harmful insects: lady beetles, dragon flies,
wasps and ants.
August 2008
NEMATODES
• Nematodes are tiny worm-like organisms
that live in the soil and attack the roots and
stems of plants.
• Accurate identification requires laboratory
testing.
• Nematodes are carriers of certain
diseases.
August 2008
MAJOR TYPES OF PLANT
DISEASES
• ENVIRONMENTAL
• 1. Nutrient deficiencies
• 2. Damage to plant
parts
• 3. Chemical injuries
• 4. Pollution injuries
• 5. Weather
• 6. Naturally-occurring
genetic abnormalities
August 2008
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PARASITIC
1. Fungi
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses
KINDS OF WEEDS
• ANNUALS - Morning glory, cocklebur,
pigweed, crabgrass, chickweed and henbit
are examples.
• BIENNIALS - Thistle and wild carrot are
two examples.
• PERENNIALS - Dandelion, plantain,
bermudagrass, poison ivy and
johnsongrass are examples.
August 2008
PROBLEMS THAT WEEDS
CAUSE
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Keep plants from growing
Waste nutrients
Lower quality of crop
Make harvesting harder
Hiding place for insects and disease
Look bad
August 2008
RODENTS
EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE ARE:
• Deer that eat soybean plants growing in a field.
• Raccoon that climb corn stalks and get roasting
ears.
• Rabbits that bit off the tender leaves of new
bean plants.
• Birds that eat grain from sorghum.
• Rats that eat fruit growing near the ground.
August 2008
CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR A
PEST TO CAUSE PROBLEMS
• A PEST MUST EXIST
• A SUSCEPTIBLE PLANT
• THE RIGHT ENVIRONMENT
August 2008
WAYS THAT PESTS DAMAGE
PLANTS
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Pests chew holes in plants
Pests attack the vascular system
Pests attack the fruit
Pests contaminate products
Pests rob plants of food
Pests damage land
August 2008
HOW DAMAGE AFFECTS THE
PRODUCER
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Reduced yields
Lower quality
Increased production costs
Hiding place for pests
Restrict Marketing
August 2008
WAYS TO PREVENT PEST
PROBLEMS
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Use good seed
Destroy diseased plants
Use the right fertilizer
Disinfect equipment
Use good water
Control animal movement
Use chemicals properly
Use tests to check for pests
August 2008
MECHANICAL METHODS OF
PEST CONTROL
• PLOWING
• MOWING
• MULCHING
August 2008
CULTURAL PRACTICES
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ROTATING CROPS
ROGUING
TRAP CROPPING
BURNING
USING RESISTANT VARIETIES
CLEANING AROUND FIELDS
August 2008
PESTICIDES
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Chemicals used to control pest
Insecticides - controls insects
Nematocides - controls nematodes
Fungicides - controls fungi
Bactericides - used to control bacteria
Herbicides - used to control weeds
August 2008
TYPES OF INSECTICIDES
• STOMACH POISONS - Eaten by the insect
• CONTACT POISONS - Absorbed through the
insect’s skin
• SYSTEMIC POISONS - Poison is absorbed by
the plant and when insects bites or sucks its
juice, it gets poison.
• FUMIGANTS - Enter the insect’s body through
the respiratory system
August 2008
TYPES OF HERBICIDES
• SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Will only kill certain
kinds of plants.
• NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES - Used to kill all
vegetation where they are applied.
• TRANSLOCATED HERBICIDES - Absorbed
into the plant and moved all through its parts;
upset the growth process of weeds.
August 2008
NON-CHEMICAL MEANS OF
CONTROLLING PESTS
• BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL - Using
living organisms to control pests.
• GENETIC METHODS - Develop crops that
are resistant to pests
August 2008
IPM
• INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT is a
planned process for controlling pests.
• Involves using a blend of pest control techniques
in a planned program
• Field of crops is managed as an ecosystem
• IPM has fewer adverse effects on the
environment.
August 2008
SAFETY PRACTICES IN
PEST CONTROL
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Use only approved pesticides
Know the pesticide
Use the pesticide with low toxicity
Use pesticides only when needed
Do not contaminate resources
Wear protective clothing
August 2008
SAFETY PRACTICES IN PEST
CONTROL
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Wash the skin after contact
Dispose of empty containers properly
Apply in good weather
Use the right equipment
Know the emergency measures
August 2008