Transcript Systematic Implications of DNA variation in subfamily Opuntioideae

The Monocots: Part 1
Overview, Basal, and “Petaloid” Groups
Spring 2013
Figure 7.1 from the text
Synapomorphies of Monocots
• Root system adventitious
• One cotyledon
• Stems with scattered vascular bundles (no
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secondary growth); herbaceous
Leaves parallel-veined with a sheathing
base
Flowers pentacyclic (5 whorls), trimerous
Sieve tube member plastids with several
cuneate protein crystals
Lots of molecular support for monophyly
Additional features of monocots
• Leaves formed from the basal end of the
leaf primordium
• Usually with monosulcate pollen
• Lack glandular teeth on leaves
Monocot characters
• One cotyledon!
NONMONOCOT
MONOCOT
Monocot characters
Leaves:
– parallel venation in most monocots [may be
reversals with net-venation!]
– sheathing base
Trillium
Smilax
Monocot characters
Cuneate protein bodies in sieve cell plastids
– “wedge-shaped” inclusions
– function unknown
Monocot characters
Adventitious roots:
-derived from structures
other than another root
Monocot characters
Scattered vascular bundles in stem
– numerous; actually complex organization
– no vascular cambium (a few weird exceptions)
Monocot characters
• Pentacyclic, trimerous flowers with 2
perianth whorls and 2 whorls of stamens and
the gynoecium as 1 whorl
How many monocots?
•ca. 3,000 genera
•ca. 65,000 species
•22-25% of angiosperms
•Include:
-aroids
-bananas
-lilies
-gingers
-orchids (20,000+ spp.)
-irises
-palms
-grasses (10,000 spp.)
Fig. 7.17 from Simpson
Phylogeny of Monocot Groups
Basal
“Petaloid”
Commelinoid
Acorales
Alismatales
Liliales
Asparagales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Basal and “Petaloid” Monocot Groups
Order Acorales
Acoraceae
Order Alismatales
Araceae*
Alismataceae
Order Liliales
Liliaceae*
Order Asparagales
Agavaceae
Alliaceae*
Amaryllidaceae
Iridaceae*
Orchidaceae*
*required families
Basal Monocots:
Acorales: Acoraceae
• Widespread, temperate throughout tropical
regions
• Aquatic herb
• Diversity: 1-3 spp. in 1 genus (Acorus)
• Flowers: typical of Araceae, coalesced into
a spike-like spadix
• Significant features: Sister to the rest of the
monocots; contain ethereal oils.
• Special uses: none
• Family not required, but Acorus
evolutionarily important
Acorus (sweet flag)–
The most basal monocot! Aquatic.
“Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales:
Araceae
(The Arum Family)
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Cosmopolitan; greatest diversity in tropical regions
Mainly terrestrial and some aquatic herbs, vines,
epiphytes, floating aquatics
Diversity: 3,300 species, 104 genera
Flowers: many, small; lacking extensive perianth,
carpels 2-3; if unisexual then spatially separated in
inflorescence or sometimes plants dioecious
Significant features: inflorescence – spadix subtended
by a spathe (specialized leaf)
Special uses: many ornamentals; Colocasia as food
Required family
Araceae—Arisaema
Arisaema triphyllum
Jack-in-the-pulpit
Arisaema dracontium
green dragon
Arisaema
sikokianum
-Jack-in-the-pulpit is one of our common spring wildflowers
Araceae
Philodendron
Monstera
Amorphophallus (Corpse flower)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHaWu2rcP94
Araceae: Lemna and friends
•Reduced plant body: no stem or leaves;
sometimes no roots
•Rarely flower
Lemna ~ duckweed
Alismatales: Araceae
Economic plants and products:
Colocasia esculenta
•Taro “root” or dasheen
“poi”
•10% of the world uses as
staple (starch) in diet
“Petaloid” Monocots—Alismatales:
Alismataceae
(The Water Plantain Family)
• Widely distributed
• Aquatic & wetland rhizomatous herbs
• Number of species: 88 species, 15 genera
• Flowers: sepals & petals distinct, many
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apocarpous carpels; flowers or floral axes
often whorled
Significant features: rhizomatous
Special uses: ornamental aquatics
Family not required
Phylogeny of Monocot Groups
Basal
“Petaloid”
Commelinoid
Acorales
Alismatales
Liliales
Asparagales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Liliales
• Nectaries at base of tepals
• Spots on tepals
• Extrorse anthers
“Petaloid” Monocots—Liliales:
Liliaceae
(The Lily Family)
• Widely distributed in temperate regions of
the Northern Hemisphere
• Perennial herbs, usually with bulbs and
contractile roots
• Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 16
genera
• Flowers: tepals 6, distinct, carpels 3,
stamens 6
• Significant features: Fruit a loculicidal
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capsule, sometimes a berry; no onion-like
odor
Special uses: many ornamentals
Required family
Liliaceae - Lilium
Liliaceae
Erythronium
trout-lily
-native spring
wildflower of woodlands
Tulipa
-scapose herbs from tunicate bulbs
-leaves 2-several on a stem
-perianth campanulate to cuplike
-tepals 6, erect
-stigma prominently 3-lobed
Liliaceae
Economic plants and products (horticultural):
Lilium
Easter lily
Tulipa
tulip
Phylogeny of Monocot Groups
Basal
“Petaloid”
Commelinoid
Acorales
Alismatales
Liliales
Asparagales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Arecales
Poales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Asparagales
vs.
Liliales
• Herbs to woody;
• Herbs; not succulent
sometimes succulent
•Tepals not spotted
•Nectaries septal
•Style usually 1, simple
•Seed coat collapsed
to + present
•Phytomelan crust
(seeds black) from dry
fruits; not in fleshy fruit
•Tepals often spotted
•Nectaries at base
of tepals/filaments
•Styles 1 (trifid) or 3
•Seed coat present
•No phytomelan crust
(seeds not black)
Figure 7.32 from the text
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Alliaceae
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(Onion Family)
Widely distributed in temperate and tropical
regions; also semiarid.
Bulb-forming herbs with basal, usually narrow
leaves
Number of species: ca. 600 species, in 13 genera
Flowers: Often showy, tepals 6, stamens 6, 3
connate carpels, ovary superior; inflorescence
umbellate; fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Significant features: sulfur-containing compounds
(onion odor)
Special uses: onion, garlic, leek, shallots, chives,
used as food & seasonings; ornamentals
Required family
Alliaceae - Allium
Alliaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Allium species –
onions, leeks, garlic!
Ornamentals
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Iridaceae
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(The Iris Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions;
absent in Australia.
Perennial herbs forming rhizomes, corms, or bulbs
Number of species: ca. 1,750 species, 67 genera
Flowers: radial or bilateral, showy; tepals 6, outer
tepals often differentiated from inner; stamens (2) 3,
opposite outer tepals; carpels 3, fused into an
inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal capsule
Significant features: leaves unifacial or terete,
equitant
Special uses: many ornamentals; saffron (Crocus
sativus)
Required family
Iridaceae
diversity
Iris (Greek for rainbow)
-style branches broad, petaloid,
terminating in paired crests
anthers appressed to style branches
Iris in wetland habitats
“Petaloid” Monocots—Asparagales:
Orchidaceae
(The Orchid Family)
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Widespread throughout the world; maximal diversity in
tropical regions
Primarily epiphytes; some terrestrial herbs, occasionally vines
Diversity: ca. 20,000 species in 700-800 genera
Flowers: showy, usually resupinate, bilateral, the median inner
tepal differentiated into a labellum (lip); highly modified
androecial and gynoecial parts, fused into a column; pollen
grouped into soft or hard masses (pollinia) united by a stalk
into a pollinarium; ovary inferior; placentation parietal; fruit a
capsule dehiscing with (1-)3 or 6 slits; seeds tiny, dust-like
Significant features: among the most specialized of all
angiosperm flowers
Special uses: many ornamentals; Vanilla
Required family
Orchid growth habits
Epiphytic
Terrestrial
Orchid roots
velamen
Orchid
flower morphology
pollinarium
Pollination
•function of column
& pollinia
Orchidaceae
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmgKABRCZpo&feature=related
Richard Dawkins talking about orchid pollination
Morgan’s Sphinx Moth
Endemic to
Madagascar
Comet Orchid
(Angraecum
sesquipedale)
Asparagales: Orchidaceae
Economic plants and products:
Vanilla flavoring extracted
from immature capsules
of Vanilla planifolia
Some other cool Asparagales
Agavaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Agavaceae – Agave and Yucca
Agave
Hosta
Yucca
Agave: bat pollinated
Yucca: moth pollinated
Asparagales: Agavaceae
Economic plants and products:
Agave tequila
Asparagales: Agavaceae
Economic plants and products:
•Fiber for rope from species of Yucca and Agave
e.g., sisal hemp
Amaryllidaceae
diversity
Amaryllidaceae
Corona sometimes present
Hymenocallis
spider-lily
Narcissus
daffodil, jonquil, narcissus