Transcript Classification - Net Start Class

Classification
grouping of different types of
organisms based upon similarities
in structure and evolutionary
relationships
WHY CLASSIFY?
 In order to more easily study the unity and
diversity of living organisms in an
organized manner, biologists classify
organisms
 This means that they group organisms
together based on their common
characteristics
 Physical structure is often the primary
basis for biological classification
Early classification
Animals & Plants
With the discovery of the
MICROSCOPE in the 1600’s many new
organisms were discovered
This was the basis for the change in
the classification system
Now DNA is providing a more
accurate way to classify organisms.
BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 Carolus Linneaus devised binomial
nomenclature
 (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
 ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo
sapiens
 Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the
species name
 Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
 -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized
MODERN CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM:
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DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:
DEAR KING PHILIP
CAME OVER FOR
GOOD SOUP
KINGDOMS:
 The 6 Kingdom System is based on the
following criteria:
1. Presence or absence of a nuclear
membrane
2. Unicellularity versus multicellularity
3. Type of nutrition
Domain Arachae
Dead Sea
Volcano
Deep Water Hydrothermal
Vent
Archaebacteria
 Prokaryotic (no nucleus )
 most primitive and often live in extreme
environments
 There are 3 types: salt loving, heat loving
& methane loving
 unicellular
 Reproduce asexually
 Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic
Kingdom Monera
(Eubacteria)
bacteria and blue green algae
 have a primitive cell structure
 no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane
(Prokaryotic)
 Unicellular, reproduce asexually
 Some are autotrophic (sulfur bacteria) and some
are heterotrophic
 E. coli, Staph, Anthrax
 About 4,000 named species
Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
 The Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus,
organelles and other complex structures.
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
 Eukaryotic. Most are unicellular (some multi-cellular) organisms
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with plant or animal-like characteristics
examples include protozoa such as Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba
and all algae except the blue-green
have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
Classification of Protists: Most protozoa can move and are divided
into phyla based on their means of LOCOMOTION (movement):
cilia (little hairs), flagella (whip-like tail), pseudopod (false foot)
Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic
About 80,000 named species
Animal Like
Plant Like
Animal-like Protists
 Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA
 They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or
in the bodies of other organisms
Plant-like Protists:
 Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE,
diatoms or phytoplankton
 They contain chloroplasts and are therefore
AUTOTROPHIC
Plant and Animal like Protists
The Euglena:
 exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics
 contains chloroplasts, which are involved in
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION
euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
depending on the environment
In a light environment euglena would be
AUTOTROPHIC
In a dark environment the euglena would be
HETEROTROPHIC
Euglena
Diatoms
Paramecium
KINGDOM FUNGI
 examples include yeasts,
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mildews, molds, and
mushrooms
Eukaryotic, all are multicellular except for yeast which
is unicellular
All absorb digested food from
the external environment
(heterotrophic) – do not require
sunlight and are often found in
dark, moist places
Some reproduce asexually by
budding others reproduce
sexually with spores
Typically live in moist, dark
environments
Kingdom Plantae
 Multicellular, eukaryotic - possess chloroplasts and
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cell walls
Autotrophic, make their own food through
photosynthesis
Reproduce sexually (see Gizmo) but can sometimes
be asexual, like strawberry runners or by taking
clippings
Can be vascular (meaning they have xylem and
phloem tubes to transport substances) such as trees,
ferns, and flowers
Can be nonvascular such as mosses
About 270,000 named species
Classification of Plants
Plants
Vascular
Seedless – ferns, club mosses,
horsetails
Non-Vascular
Mosses, liverworts,
hornworts
Seeded
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
Monocot
Dicot
ONION
CELLS FROM
LAB – NOTE
THE BOXY
SHAPE OF
PLANT
CELLS & THE
DISTINCT
CELL WALL
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a taxonomic class that includes plants whose seeds are
not enclosed in an ovule (like a pine cone). Gymnosperm means as "naked
seed". By definition, fruits are the structures that develop from maturing flower
ovaries, and seeds develop from ovules inside the ovaries. Therefore, since
gymnosperms have no ovaries, they do not produce real fruits, at least not in
the botanical sense. Because no fruit tissue surrounds gymnosperm seeds,
the seeds are said to be "naked." When early scientists wanted to express
the term "naked seed" using word roots from classical Greek, they chose
gymnos, which means "naked," and sperma, which means "seed," and came
up with "gymnosperm." This group is often referred to as softwoods.
Gymnosperms usually have needles that stay green throughout the year and
scale-like coverings on the branches. Examples are pines, cedars, spruces
and firs. Some gymnosperms do drop their leaves - ginkgo, dawn redwood,
and bald cypress, to name a few.
Gymnosperm Reproduction
Angiosperms
 Flowering, seed-bearing plants. From the
greek Angeion meaning “receptacle or vessel”
and sperma, meaning “seed”. Seeds with 2
cotyledons are dicots, di meaning “2”. Seeds
with only one cotyledon are called monocots,
with mono meaning “one”. Angiosperms are a
taxonomic class of plants in which the mature
seed is surrounded by the ovule (think of an
apple).
Angiosperm Reproduction
Gizmo
Monocot vs Dicot
Monocot:
Dicot:
Single
cotyledon
Two
cotyledons
Parallel
veins
Netted veins
Petals in
multiples of
3’s
Petals in
multiples of 4
or 5’s
Vascular
bundles
random
Vascular
bundles in a
radial pattern
Kingdom Animalia
 Eukaryotic, multi-cellular
organisms which ingest their food
– heterotrophic
 Most reproduce sexually, but
some reproduce asexually
through budding such as a hydra
or through regeneration, such as
a starfish
Invertebrate Phyla
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Porifera -- Sponges
Cnideria -- jellyfish & other stinging organisms
Platyhelminthes – Flat worms
Nematoda – Round worms
Annelida – Segmented worms
Arthropoda -- Insects, crabs and others w/jointed legs
Mollusca -- snails, clams, oysters, squid, octopus etc.
Echinodermata – spiny skinned such as sea star, sea
urchin
Vertebrate Phyla
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-- Mammals
-- Birds
-- Reptiles
-- Amphibians
-- Fish
Sources
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www.iteachbio.com
www.unitedstreaming.com
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
ClipArt, PowerPoint
http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/forsite/idtype.ht
m
 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biology
Pages/P/Plants.html