Transcript PENGENALAN SPESIES LEGUM

PENGENALAN
SPESIES LEGUM
ROMI ZAMHIR ISLAMI
LAB TANAMAN MAKANAN
TERNAK
Calliandra calothyrsus
 Lokal : Kaliandra, Kaliandra Merah
 Morphological description
 Small, perennial, leguminous tree growing 2-
12 m high. Trunk diameter up to 30 cm.
Leaves are bipinnate
 Introduced into Indonesia in 1936 and from
there to other parts of the tropics, notably
east Africa, the area where it is now most
widely used for fodder.
USES/APPLICATIONS
A MULTIPURPOSE SPECIES GROWN PRIMARILY FOR FORAGE AS A SUPPLEMENT TO LOW
QUALITY ROUGHAGES FOR RUMINANT LIVESTOCK. ALSO USED FOR THE PROVISION OF
GREEN MANURE, SHADE FOR COFFEE AND TEA, LAND REHABILITATION , EROSION
CONTROL. USED AS A POLLEN SOURCE FOR HONEY PRODUCTION AND A HOST FOR THE LAC
INSECT (LACCIFER LACCA) FOR SHELLAC PRODUCTION. IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN
PARTS OF AFRICA (E.G. UGANDA, RWANDA) IN PROVIDING STAKES FOR CLIMBING BEANS.
AN EXCELLENT FUELWOOD FOR COOKING AND SMALL FIRES; CALLIANDRA WOOD DRIES
VERY QUICKLY (OVERNIGHT FOR SMALL STEMS) AND BURNS WELL WITH A SMOKELESS FIRE
Ecology
Soil requirements
Grows well on a wide range of soil types ranging from deep volcanic loams to more acidic metamorphic
sandy clays.
Moisture
Top
In its native range, grows in annual rainfall regimes of 700-3,000 mm with 1-7 dry months.
Temperature
Adapted to altitudes from 0-1,850 m asl . Mean monthly maximum temperatures of 24-28ºC, and mean
minimum temperatures of 18-24ºC.
Light
Intolerant of heavy shade. In Uganda and Tanzania it is being adopted in home garden systems where it is
planted under banana with moderate shade.
Defoliation
 Depends on use. First cut 8-12 months after
sowing. For maximum leaf production, cut to a
height of 0.5-1.0 m every 2-3 months.
 Normally cut for feeding as direct grazing by cattle,
sheep and goats will normally result in high rates of
plant mortality.
 Slashing calliandra to less than 30 cm above ground
level and allowing ruminants to graze the regrowth
can reduce plant mortality. This limits the stripping
of bark and cambium from the stem . Calliandra is
generally recommended for cut-and-carry feeding
rather than for use in direct grazing systems.
Feeding value
 Nutritive value
 Top
 In vitro digestibility of dried leaf from 19 provenances ranged
from 24-47%. reasonable animal production is achieved where
calliandra has been adopted as a supplement to poor quality
basal diets or as a partial replacement of concentrate
feeds. Good source of the vitamin carotene.
 Palatability/acceptability
 Freshly harvested leaves of calliandra are generally highly
palatable to ruminants where animals have prior experience with
the forage, although some problems with palatability have been
reported from Mexico and Central America. Provenances vary in
palatability to some extent. Palatability is significantly reduced
when wilted or dried leaves are fed at high levels of
supplementation.
Production potential
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Dry matter
Produces DM yields of 3-14 t/ha/year, depending on climate and soil fertility.
Animal production
Top
Generally used to improve the utilisation of low quality grasses or as a
replacement for concentrate feeds. In Zambia, goats fed a basal diet of poor
quality hay lost weight at 20 g/day. Weight gains of 24 g/day were achieved
when supplemented with 140 g/day DM of calliandra leaf. In Indonesia, sheep
liveweight gains increased from 26 up to 52 g/day when supplementation levels
of fresh calliandra leaf increased from 0-35% of total ration. Cattle direct grazing
calliandra over a 12-month period in Indonesia gained 0.33 kg/head/day . 3 kg of
fresh calliandra leaf plus 2 kg of concentrate feed provided a similar response in
milk yield and butterfat to 3 kg of concentrate feed.
Not suitable as a feed for monogastric animals due to its high levels of astringent
CTs. Small amounts may be fed to chickens as leaf meal: the carotene content
gives a dark yellow yolk which can increase the market value of the eggs.
CENTROSEMA PUBESCENS
Lokal : Sentro
Morphological description
(Description referring to the C. pubescens form as represented by
cv.
Belalto).
Perennial, trailing-climbing herb with strong tendency to root at
nodes of trailing stems. Leaves trifoliolate,
Uses/applications
Grazed pastures in mixture with a grass, legume -only protein
bank, cut-and-carry. Potential also as soil cover.
FEEDING VALUE
NUTRITIVE VALUE
TOP
3-MONTH OLD LEAF: 24% CP,
YOUNG LEAF TISSUE (= 6 MONTHS AFTER PLANTING):
26% CP,
PALATABILITY/ACCEPTABILITY
IN A CIAT SMALL-PLOT, CAFETERIA GRAZING TRIAL IN QUILICHAO,
COLOMBIA, CV. BELALTO WAS, TOGETHER WITH C. MACROCARPUM,
MORE PALATABLE THAN ANY OF THE OTHER EIGHT CENTROSEMA
SPECIES AND BOTANICAL VARIETIES TESTED.
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL
DRY MATTER
CV. BELALTO 12.8 T/HA/YEAR DM IN NORTH QUEENSLAND; 7.6
T/HA/YEAR DM UNDER CUTTING IN QUILICHAO, COLOMBIA (ACCESSION
CIAT 5161).
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
TOP
550-650 KG/HA/YEAR LW GAIN POSSIBLE IN HUMID QUEENSLAND,
AUSTRALIA (BELALTO CENTRO IN MIXTURE WITH PANICUM MAXIMUM ).
GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM
Lokal : GAMAL
Uses/applications
Living fences/hedges, cut and carry feed for
ruminants, alley farming, protein banks, green
manure , support, shade, honey, rodenticide,
medicinal, firewood, pigmentation of eggs.
FEEDING VALUE
NUTRITIVE VALUE
TOP
HIGH NUTRITIVE VALUE. CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT 18-30% AND IN
VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF 60-65%. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF
PALATABILITY , VARIABILITY IN NUTRITIVE QUALITY AMONG
PROVENANCES HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED.
PALATABILITY/ACCEPTABILITY
SOME PALATABILITY PROBLEMS OCCUR WITH RUMINANTS DEPENDING ON
PRIOR EXPERIENCE. NAÏVE ANIMALS SEEM TO REFUSE LEAVES ON
THE BASIS OF SMELL, OFTEN REJECTING THEM WITHOUT TASTING,
SUGGESTING THAT THE PROBLEM LIES WITH VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
RELEASED FROM THE LEAF SURFACE. HOWEVER, NO PALATABILITY
PROBLEMS ARE REPORTED IN INDONESIA, SRI LANKA, COLOMBIA OR
GUATEMALA WHERE SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS OF RUMINANTS HAVE
BEEN FED GLIRICIDIA. WILTING LEAVES FOR 12-24 HOURS BEFORE
FEEDING INCREASES INTAKE. PRIOR EXPERIENCE IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE OF PALATABILITY , SO THAT LOCAL
LANDRACES ARE MOST PREFERRED. WHILE NAÏVE ANIMALS ARE USED,
PROVENANCES FROM MEXICO TEND TO BE LESS PALATABLE COMPARED
TO THOSE FROM COSTA RICA AND COLOMBIA.
Production potential
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Dry matter
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Annual leaf DM production varies from 2-20 t/ha/year, depending on a wide range of factors. In fodder
plots, annual yields of 5-16 t/ha of leaf DM, or up to 43 t/ha fresh leaves have been obtained. In Nigeria,
gliricidia hedgerows interplanted with 4 rows of Panicum grasses yielded 20 t/ha/year of total DM
(grass and gliricidia).
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Animal production
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Top
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Gliricidia is normally used as a green forage, protein supplement to low-quality tropical forages and byproducts for cattle, sheep and goats. It may be used as the sole feed in the dry season. Feeding levels
have been 1-3% of body weight for cattle and goats, indicating a supplementation level of 30-100%,
although a 20-40% level is more common. Increases in liveweight gains of approximately 25% have
been reported for steers grazing gliricidia-grass pastures, compared with steers grazing grass
alone. Results from experiments with dairy cows and buffaloes reported similar or slightly increased
milk yield and milk fat yield when concentrates were replaced by gliricidia forage up to about 25% of
intake.
The effects of gliricidia forage on reproducing ruminants have been variable. In one trial, ewes
supplemented with gliricidia produced a higher lamb crop, better lamb weights and had reduced ewe
weight loss compared with those not fed gliricidia. In an unrelated trial, lambing results were poorer
when gliricidia was fed, due to lower feed intake, possibly as a result of insufficient adaptation to the
forage .
Laying chickens fed sun-cured gliricidia at 4.5% of total diet gave good egg production, egg weight and
yolk colour. Yellow yolk colour can be achieved by feeding milled leaves at 2-4% of the ration. Diets
containing up to 10% gliricidia can be fed to growing chicks without affecting performance and
survival, but higher rates may have anti-nutritive effects.
SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA
Lokal = Turi, Toroy, Tuwi
Uses/applications
Valued as a fodder throughout Indonesia, particularly for dry season feeding
of cattle and goats. Commonly grown on paddy bunds, and around gardens
or cropping fields for its nitrogen contribution. The sparse canopy of S.
grandiflora casts relatively little shade, hence its suitability close to sunloving crops and gardens. S. grandiflora grows fast enough to be used as an
annual green manure crop. The leaves, seed pods and flowers are used as
human food in southeast Asia.
The light density wood of S. grandiflora makes poor firewood and is not
durable as a timber, however it can be used for low quality pulp. Poles are
used for light construction but have limited durability. Used as a shade crop
and as a support for climbing crops. Also used as a component of
windbreaks.
FEEDING VALUE
NUTRITIVE VALUE
TOP
CONTAINS 25-30% CRUDE PROTEIN. SUPPLEMENTATION WITH S.
GRANDIFLORA OF GOATS FED GUINEA GRASS HAY INCREASED
INTAKE BY 25% AND SUPPORTED A POSITIVE N BALANCE. IN
SACCO DIGESTIBILITY WAS 75% IN 12 HOURS.
OTHER IN VITRO AND IN SACCO STUDIES REPORT THE VERY
HIGH FORAGE QUALITY OF S. GRANDIFLORA .
PALATABILITY/ACCEPTABILITY
HIGHLY PALATABLE TO RUMINANT LIVESTOCK.
WELL ACCEPTED BY MONOGASTRICS.
ALSO GENERALLY
• Production potential
• Dry matter
• An annual yield of 27 kg of green leaf/tree was achieved by harvesting side
branches A green manure yield of 55 t/ha green material in 6.5 months was
achieved in Java. Wood yields of 20-25 m³/ha/year are achieved in
commercial plantations in Indonesia.
• Animal production
• Top
• No long-term animal production studies have been reported, but S.
grandiflora is a major component of ruminant diets in eastern Indonesia
where it may comprise up to 70% of total forage allowance during the dry
season. Anecdotal reports of high liveweight gains in cattle are common. In
India, milk yield was increased by 8% (9.2-9.9 l/day) when cattle were fed 5
kg fresh leaf/day.
In Western Samoa, goats failed to gain weight when supplemented with S.
grandiflora , although the reasons for this poor result were not
identified. The authors suggested that supplementation with S. grandiflora
should be limited to 30% of total feed on the basis of this experiment.
Poor weight gains in chickens has led to the recommendation that
supplementation of poultry feeds with S. grandiflora should be limited to 2%
of total ration.
LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
Lokal : Lamtoro
Feeding value
Nutritive value
Top
L. leucocephala foliage is noted for its very high nutritive value for ruminant
production. Typical values for the edible fraction are 55-70% digestibility, 34.5% N, 6% ether extract, 6-10% ash, 30-50% N-free extract, 0.8-1.9% Ca and
0.23-0.27% P. Na levels are generally below requirements for ruminants at 0.010.05%. Leaves also contain 2-6% condensed tannins (CT), phenolic compounds
which bind and protect dietary protein from degradation in the rumen
. Providing that the protein-CT complexes dissociate post-ruminally allowing N
absorption in the lower gut, CTs have the potential to increase protein uptake.
Palatability/acceptability
L. leucocephala is highly palatable to most grazing animals, especially compared
to other forage tree legumes such as Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium
.
Production potential
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Dry matter
Yields of forage vary with soil fertility, rainfall, altitude, density and cutting
frequency from 1-15 t/ha/year. Leaf yield is maximised by cutting at 6-12 week
intervals during the growing season . Yields in extensive hedgerow plantings in
the dry tropics and subtropics generally range from 2-6 t/ha/year.
Very high yields (>15 t/ha/year) in southeast Asia and Hawaii, with plants 0.5-1.0
m apart in rows 1-3 m apart.
Fuelwood yields compare favourably with the best tropical trees, with height
increments of 3-5 m/year and wood increments of 20-60 m³/ha/year for arboreal
varieties.
Animal production
Top
Excellent growth rates of 1.26 kg/head/day for cattle grazing leucaena-buffel
grass (Cenchrus ciliaris ) pastures over a 6-month period were reported in
Queensland, Australia, although growth rates are more commonly 250-300
kg/head/year (0.7-0.85 kg/head/day). Under irrigation in northwestern Australia,
annual liveweight gains of up to 1,700 kg/ha/year have been recorded for cattle
grazing at 6 head/ha.