Plant Propagation - Appoquinimink High School
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Transcript Plant Propagation - Appoquinimink High School
PLANT PROPAGATION
Seeds
SLM and KUD
Unit Essential Question: How are
plants propagated?
Lesson Essential Question: What
medium is used to propagate
seedlings?
SEEDS
Break into 3 groups
Draw a picture to represent what
the cards are trying to explain
NO WORDS
20 minutes
Greenhouse Log
Every time in greenhouse, record
& hand in for grade
Propagation
Propagating= reproducing
Most popular method: seeds
Sexual process, requires union of
pollen and egg
From same parent (self-pollination)
or separate (cross-pollination
Propagation
Hybrid- offspring of two cultivars
of one plant, each has certain
characteristics desired in new
plant
Do not plant seeds of hybrid
Seeds
Quick and easy
Proper environment & conditions
Temperature,
medium
moisture, light &
Treatment for Germination
Hard seed coat, soaked or
scratched before able to
germinate
Some require cold rest period
below 37*F for 8 wks plus
Some must have alternate wet &
dry
Treatment for Germination
Some must have light
Some must have dark
Follow directions on pack
Basic Parts
Seed Coat- covering of seed,
protects embryonic plant
Endosperm- food storage tissue
that nourishes during germination
Embryo- new plant that
developed.
Basic Parts
Choosing Seeds
Choose locally grown
Choose tested for that growing
season
Purchase from reliable dealer
Hybrid varieties
Heavyweight or primed seeds
Choosing Seeds
Primed or enhanced to:
Activate
growth hormones &
enzymes
Less chance for insects & disease
Medium
Ideal: good pH, nutrients, porous,
uniform in texture, sterile
Types of Medium
Soil: loam composed of 45%
mineral matter, 5% organic
matter, 25 % air, 25% water
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Construction grade sand: more
porous
Does not hold nutrients
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Peat moss: partially decomposed
vegetation preserved under
water. High capacity to hold
water. 1% nitrogen, low in
phosphorus & potassium
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Horticultural Grade Perlite: graywhite material of volcanic origin.
Expands when heated.
Provide good drainage &
aeration
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Vermiculite: light-weight , has pH
of 7, high water holding capacity
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Jiffy mix: equal parts of shredded
sphagnum moss, peat, terrlite
vermiculite, & nutrients to sustain
initial plant growth
Types of Medium
Medium
Usually mix of 1 or more of the
previous
Testing Medium
Create a mix that you think would
work good for a seedling.
Plant seeds (5) and test it to see
what works.
Compare with others after 4
weeks.
Exit Question
Answer the leq: What medium is
used to propagate seedlings?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Types of Seeding
Warm-up
Why is the germinating medium
important?
LEQ
How do we plant a seed?
Indirect seeding
Process in which seed is sown in a
place separate from where the
plants will eventually grow
Transplanting happens 1 or 2
more times
Indirect seeding
Flats: made of plastic, size
determined by # of seeds to
grow
Medium placed in & leveled off
½ to ¾ inch below top of flat
Plant seeds in rows
Indirect seeding
Individual cells in cavity seedling
trays
Flats made up of many small pots
1-2 seeds per cell, later thinned
Transplant with less damage
When to seed
Seeds must be planted on certain
dates so the seedlings are ready
for transplanting at the proper
time
Seed to market chart
Using the popular bedding plants
we will plant, create a chart to
display date planted by to be
ready for market sale.
30 minutes
Sowing Seeds
To plant
How to sow?
ALWAYS BE SURE TO PLACE A
LABEL WITH YOUR NAME &
PLANT NAME!!!!
Watering
Water lightly with watering
cans
Be careful not to wash out seeds
Water from bottom when possible
Conditions for Germination
Semi shaded area of greenhouse
Receive bottom heat
Cover with plastic
No fertilizer until true leaves have
developed
Transplanting
When true leaves have formed,
ready to be transplanted
Page 73 & 74 transplanting
procedure
My procedure
Direct Seeding
Seeds planted in permanent
growing area
What plants?
Direct Seeding
Corn, melons, beans, beets, peas,
lettuce, carrots & other veggies
Activity
Using your chart that you created,
what seeds should be planted
first?
Each student will plant this
correctly as taught in this lesson
Show me before completing
Review
How do we plant a seed?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Warm-up
Explain the steps in transplanting.
LEQ
How do we propagate a
softwood & semihardwood
cutting?
Asexual reproduction
To produce clones of plants that
do not produce seeds & are
difficult to grow from seeds
Cuttings
Leaves or pieces of stems or roots
used for propagating a plant
Various kinds
Require same conditions to grow
as seedlings with added light
Cuttings
Root formation simulated because
of interruption of carbohydrates,
hormones & other materials from
leaves & growing tips
Rooting hormones used to aid in
root formation
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Taken after current season’s
growth has partially matured
Wood should be bendy
Active terminal growth
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Find parent 2-6 inches of new
growth
Make sure plant full of water
Cut in morning (most moisture)
Immediately place in bucket of
water
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them
Leaves help keep cutting right
side up
Cut at 45* angle on bottom,
straight at top
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them
Leaves help keep cutting right
side up
Cut at 45* angle on bottom,
straight at top
Take back to table
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Flat, pot or container 4 inches
deep with holes in bottom
Sterile medium
½ perlite & ½ sphagnum moss
Medium varies
Soak medium night before
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Make 3-4 inch cutting from stem or
shoot
Very sharp knife/pruning shears
Include 2-3 buds on each cutting
Treat with proper concentration of
rooting hormone (fungicide
included)
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Cutting immediately placed in
rooting medium to ½ its length, no
more then 2 inches deep
LABEL CUTTING!!
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Keep humidity very high
(Transpiration)
Plastic bag to control
No direct sunlight
Tug gently after time to see if
rooting begun, leave for 7-10 more
days if not
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Hardening off- prepare for
transplanting
Open plastic a little each day
When completely open, water as
normal, fertilizer at 1/4th strength
Ready to be transplanted after 14
days
Herbaceous Cuttings
Made from succulent greenhouse
plants – geranium, chrysanthemum,
coleus, carnation, swedish ivy,
wandering jew, begonia
Cuttings 3-6 inches long w/leaves
on upper to terminal end
Same conditions as previous
w/bottom heat added
Lets Practice!!
Choose a plant to propagate:
Wandering Jew
Jade Plant
Begonia
Demonstrate proper techniques,
be sure to label!!
Exit Question
How do we propagate a
softwood & semihardwood
cutting?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Micropropagation
Warm-up
Do you think it is easier to make
a cutting or to plant a seed?
Why?
LEQ
What is micropropagation and
how can we do it successfully?
Micropropagation
Tissue culture
Asexual method using sterilized
terminal shoots or lead buds placed
on sterile agar gel or other nutrient
growing medium
Buds or stem tips placed in jar
Micropropagation
Tiny sprouts start, pulled off with
sterile tweezers, placed in new
medium in another container to
grow roots
Harden off as roots develop
Many thousand plants exactly like
parent
Micropropagation
Used for orchids
Only used for professionals
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Leaf Cuttings
African
Violet
cut base of leaf stem, place in
rooting medium
Pg 87 figure 7-16
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Leaf-Bud Cutting
Cut
from stem with bud, remove
wooden shield of stem, cutting
placed in rooting medium with bud in
soil
Pg 87 figure 7-17
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Mallet Cutting
2-4
inch piece of 2 year old wood
with current season or 1 year old
shoot on it
Mallet placed horizontally & covered
1 inch with rooting medium
Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Root Cuttings
Any
plant that will sprout from root
Place root in container, water well,
place clear glass/plastic over
Page 88 figure 7-19
Activity
Root spider plant in Greenhouse
PLANT PROPAGATION
Hardwood Cuttings
Warm-up
What is important to remember
about tissue cultures?
Lesson Essential Question
How do we propagate hardwood
cuttings?
Hardwood Cuttings
Easiest & least expensive of asexual
propagation
Prepared in winter
Can be shipped long
No expensive equipment or storage
facility needed
Hardwood V. Softwood/semihardwood
Time of year
Hardness (maturity)
Absence of leaves
Storage
Hardwood Cuttings
6 steps
Pg 92 procedure
Selecting Hardwood Cuttings
From current years growth
Cut from ends of branches or long
shoots from base
Collected once dormant
Taken all winter
Collecting Hardwood Cuttings
Use sharp knife or hand pruner
Label
6-8 inch cuttings for immediate use
or stored in cool moist place
Cover with sawdust, sand or peat
moss to maintain moisture
Not too wet or dry
Taking Hardwood Cuttings
Bottom cut just above a node & top
about 1 inch above a node or bud
Bottom cut 45* angle & top 90*
Storing Hardwood Cuttings
Treated with rooting hormone for
better growth
Tied in bundles for storage
Stored for 6-8 weeks before
planting
Allows callus to form- root quicker
Storing Hardwood Cuttings
May be buried in sand containers
Low enough temp to prevent growth
at top
First 4 weeks- 50-55*
Lowered to 40* after
Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Planted outside soon as soil ready in
spring (lining out)
Prepare soil
Place cutting in soil and firmly
surround with soil, careful not to put
too much pressure on
Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Mulch to retain moisture
Watch growth to make sure roots
have formed
No extensive care
Activity
Propagate 3 hardwood stems
Crape Myrtle
Forsynthia
Dogwood
PLANT PROPAGATION
Separation & Division
Warm-up
What is different between
hardwood and softwood
propagation?
Lesson Essential Question
How can we effectively propagate
using separation and division?
Separation
Method of propagation in which
naturally reproductive organs of a
plant detach from the parent plant
to become new plants
Usually removed during dormant
stage
Separation
Bulbs & corms
Responisble for food storage &
propagation of plant
Natural process
Bulbs
Plant structure containing many
parts but primarily composed of
leaf scales
Outside of foliage leaves are
bulblets – produce tiny bulbs that
grow into bigger bulbs, separated
& planted
Bulbs
Splits or slabs –first separated
1 year- round bulb
2 year- second flower bud- double
nose- 2 flower stalks
Round & double nose sold
commercially
Types of Bulbs
No special care or handling- tulip
bulb- laminate or tunicate, dry
membranous outer scales
Lily- loosely scaled, cannot
withstand handling- nontunicate or
scaly, no tough outer cover
Bulbs- Propagation Procedure
Dug & separated after foliage dies
back & plant dormant , stored &
planted at correct time
Washed & cleaned before storage
EX: narcissus, hyacinth, grape
hyacinth, tulip
Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Much slower rate
Mother bulbs split at base to force
production of bulblets
Flowering bulbs pulled from ground
in late August-mid September, kept
moist by sprinkling with water
Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Mid-October, placed 4 inches deep
& planted 1 inch apart
Moved again in September, planted
6 inches deep & apart
Then sold as flowering bulbs
Should be 7 inches in circumference
Corms
Very solid, compact stem with nodes
& internodes
Very short specialized stem for food
storage
Covering that protects from injury &
drying
Corms- Propagation
Development of cormels is means of
reproducing
Form naturally
When dies back, dug up & small
cormels separated & grown to
larger size
Propagation by division
Method of propagation in which
parts of the plant are cut into new
sections, each will develop a new
plant
Use knife or pruners
Rhizomes
Underground stems that grow
horizontally and produce roots on
the bottom & stems on top
Rhizomes- Propagation
Removed by digging underneath
with a garden fork or shovel
Soil washed off
Cut rhizome into sections- make sure
each has one eye (bud)
Tubers
Swollen end of an underground side
shoot or stem
Distinguished by eyes- produces
separate plant as sprouts,
developing a shoot with roots at
base
Contains stored food for plant until
leaves form
Tubers
EX: Irish Potato
To propagate:
Cut tubers into pieces, each must
contain one eye
Planted same as seeds
Tuberous Roots
Thickened roots that contain large
amounts of stored food
Have buds at stem end
Tuberous Roots- Propagation
Dividing crown, or cluster of roots,
when plant is dormant
Dug in fall after frost killed top,
stored in dry sawdust, peat at 4050* to prevent shriveling or
complete drying out
Tuberous Roots- Propagation
In spring, clumps or crowms are cut
apart so each has a bud
New pieces planted
EX: Sweet potato
Adventitious buds- sporadic &
unexpected places, pulled off &
planted
Activity
Plant bulbs correctly
Correctly separate a plant
PLANT PROPAGATION
Grafting
Warm-up
Why is it important to know about
bulbs?
Lesson Essential Question
How do we propagate using
grafting?
Grafting
Two different plants are united to
become one
Scion- newly installed shoot or top
of plant
Rootstock- seedling or plant used as
bottom half of the graft
Grafting
Growing together of tissues
Used to rapidly increase # of a
plant & give stronger, diseaseresistant roots
Two plants must be compatible
Grafting
Used to:
Topwork a large tree
Insert a different variety on part of
the limbs of a tree for cross
pollination
To propagate plants that may be
difficult to bud
Grafting Requirements
Compatibility- must be related to
one another, stock & scion grow
together
Know what families grow best
together
Grafting Requirements
Scion wood- 1 year old & vigorous
growth
Timing- don’t when stock & scion are
dormant
Matching of tissues- cambium layer,
scion & rootstock must have close
contact & held tightly together
Grafting Requirements
Waterproofing- all cut surfaces must
be covered with grafting wax,
plastic or rubber ties
Whip or Tongue Graft
During winter months
Small material
Fruit trees
Scion should contain 3 buds
Root piece 4-8 inches & small
fibrous roots
Whip or Tongue Graft
Grafting cut made below bud on
stock, slant at angle, smooth surface
Cut on rootstock should be same=
even fit
Cambium must match growing area
at edge of root piece
Whip or Tongue Graft
Second cut made on first cut surface
in reverse direction, 1/3 of distance
from tip & nearly parrallel to first
cut
Half as long as first cut
Pieces slipped together w/tongues
interlocking
Whip or Tongue Graft
Pieces tightly tied together with
plastic propagation tape or rubber
bud ties
Stored in moist sand or peat moss to
heal
3-4 wks @ 50-55*
After- 32-40*
Whip or Tongue Graft
Then planted in nursery, graft union
must be below ground
Side Veneer Graft
Effective way to graft evergreens
Colorado Spruce grafted w/ blue
spruce to obtain shade of blue
Side Veneer Procedure
Pencil size
Made in early spring
Shallow cut made 1 ½ in long made
into one side of seedling rootstock
Second cut made to remove piece
of wood
Side Veneer Procedure
Two cuts made on scion to shape it
so it fits cut made in rootstock.
Scion inserted into rootstock.
Cambium layers must match at least
one side
Scion tied tightly in place
mulch
Cleft Graft
Used in topworking trees (grafting
to rootstock considerably larger
than scion
Cleft Graft Procedure
Rootstock sawed off at right angle
Rootstock split with heavy knife &
hammer
Split help open with wedge
Scion cut in a long, smooth wedge
shape
Cleft Graft Procedure
Scions placed in rootstock, must
make close contact with rootstock
for entire distance, must be cut at
same slant as the split in the
rootstock
Cambium of both must match
Stenting
Roses
Grafting selected scion of desired
plant onto a piece of stem that
produces good roots
Stenting
Grafted stems then placed in
rooting chamber for healing & roots
to form
Treated exactly as a semihardwood
cutting
Activity
Grafting Video
PLANT PROPAGATION
Budding
Warm-up
What are the 3 types of grafting?
Lesson Essential Question
What is the process of budding
propagation?
Budding
Form of grafting
Single bud used instead of scion
Many more plants reproduced from
same amount of parent wood
More quickly
Time- during active growth
Budding Steps
Plant seeds for seedling rootstock
Select variety of budwood to be
propagated
Determine correct date to bud
Cut budwood, label it, & protect it
so does not dry out
Budding Steps
Perform budding process
Check to see if buds taken
Cut off rootstock above bud the
following spring
T-Budding
Small 1-2 yr old seedlings
Actively growing, disease resistant,
& able to give desired growth
Scion & rootstock must be
compatible
Collecting Budwood
Bud sticks, small shoots of current
seasons growth, collected on same
day to be inserted
Kept wrapped in waterproof paper
Vegetative buds necessary for
propagation
Cut all leaves except 1 for handling
Rootstock
Developed for 1 yr, good size
Make t-shaped cut to determine if
seedling is receptive, if bark
separates from wood of stem & is
moist and smooth
Cutting & Inserting Bud
Obtain materials
1 person makes cut & inserts bud
while other person ties securely
T-shaped cut made in the rootstock,
corners of bark lifted for easy insert
Bud cut from bud stick middle
portion with shield of back & sliver
of wood
Cutting & Inserting Bud
Bud immediately inserted in the T
cut until bud shield even w/ top fo
T-cut
Tie area with bud tie
Entire area covered, only bud itself
exposed
Inspection in 3 weeks, transplanted
in 1-2 yrs
Cutting & Inserting Bud
Page 114-116 in book
Chip Budding
Used for grapes
Done when rootstock not in active
growth
Chip Budding Procedure
Pg 117
45* cut made in rootstock ¼ of way
thru stem
Second cut made 1 ½ in above first
cut, extending down to meet first
Chip produced removed
Chip Budding Procedure
Bud to be inserted cut from bud stick
exactly as chip removed
bud is inserted in rootstock & tied
with bud tie
Chip Budding Care
Cut rootstock off just above bud 1015 days for spring budding
Fall budding, cut rootstock just
above bud the following spring, as
growth starts
Activity
Cgh
PLANT PROPAGATION
Layering
Warm-up
How do the 2 types of budding
differ?
Lesson Essential Question
How do we layer to propagate?
Layering
Asexual propagation, roots are
formed on a stem or root while still
attached to the parent plant
Stem or root to be rooted is called
a layer
Layer is cut free from parent only
after rooting
Advantages & Disadvantages
Simple but time consuming
Few plants started
Very high success rate
Some plants naturally do
this….strawberries, red raspberries,
& African Violets
Simple Layering
Branch from parent bent to ground,
partially covered w/ soil.
Terminal end exposed
Early spring
Water liberally
Create a visual organizer to
represent the steps in layering page
123
Air Layering
Process that eliminated the burrying
part of the parent plant
Part of plant is slit or girdled
(girdle- completely remove bark &
cambium around plant)
Surrounded by moist growing
medium
Air Layering
Roots form where plant has been
wounded
Generally made in spring on wood
of previous year
Create a visual organizer to
represent air layering page 124125
Other methods of layering
Trench layering- mother plant bent
to ground & burried in trench, roots
form on covered portion of plant,
shoots can be separated
Other methods of layering
Stool Layering- begins with planting
of rooted layer in soil, parent plant
cut back to soil level, stem covered
with soil, as shoots grow, more soil is
added. Shoots cut & planted in
early spring
Other methods of layering
Compound Layering- springtime,
very similar to simple layering,
except stem covered by soil at 2 or
more points along length. Stem
girdled at point below ground
where new roots will form
Several plants produced from single
stem
Activity
Layering on plant
Review
Review for test