Transcript Plant Propagation - Appoquinimink High School

PLANT PROPAGATION
Seeds
SLM and KUD
Unit Essential Question: How are
plants propagated?
 Lesson Essential Question: What
medium is used to propagate
seedlings?

SEEDS
Break into 3 groups
 Draw a picture to represent what
the cards are trying to explain
 NO WORDS
 20 minutes

Greenhouse Log

Every time in greenhouse, record
& hand in for grade
Propagation
Propagating= reproducing
 Most popular method: seeds
 Sexual process, requires union of
pollen and egg
 From same parent (self-pollination)
or separate (cross-pollination

Propagation
Hybrid- offspring of two cultivars
of one plant, each has certain
characteristics desired in new
plant
 Do not plant seeds of hybrid

Seeds
Quick and easy
 Proper environment & conditions

Temperature,
medium
moisture, light &
Treatment for Germination
 Hard seed coat, soaked or
scratched before able to
germinate
 Some require cold rest period
below 37*F for 8 wks plus
 Some must have alternate wet &
dry
Treatment for Germination
Some must have light
 Some must have dark
 Follow directions on pack

Basic Parts
Seed Coat- covering of seed,
protects embryonic plant
 Endosperm- food storage tissue
that nourishes during germination
 Embryo- new plant that
developed.

Basic Parts
Choosing Seeds
Choose locally grown
 Choose tested for that growing
season
 Purchase from reliable dealer
 Hybrid varieties
 Heavyweight or primed seeds

Choosing Seeds

Primed or enhanced to:
Activate
growth hormones &
enzymes
Less chance for insects & disease
Medium

Ideal: good pH, nutrients, porous,
uniform in texture, sterile
Types of Medium

Soil: loam composed of 45%
mineral matter, 5% organic
matter, 25 % air, 25% water
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Construction grade sand: more
porous
 Does not hold nutrients

Types of Medium
Types of Medium

Peat moss: partially decomposed
vegetation preserved under
water. High capacity to hold
water. 1% nitrogen, low in
phosphorus & potassium
Types of Medium
Types of Medium
Horticultural Grade Perlite: graywhite material of volcanic origin.
Expands when heated.
 Provide good drainage &
aeration

Types of Medium
Types of Medium

Vermiculite: light-weight , has pH
of 7, high water holding capacity
Types of Medium
Types of Medium

Jiffy mix: equal parts of shredded
sphagnum moss, peat, terrlite
vermiculite, & nutrients to sustain
initial plant growth
Types of Medium
Medium

Usually mix of 1 or more of the
previous
Testing Medium
Create a mix that you think would
work good for a seedling.
 Plant seeds (5) and test it to see
what works.
 Compare with others after 4
weeks.

Exit Question

Answer the leq: What medium is
used to propagate seedlings?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Types of Seeding
Warm-up

Why is the germinating medium
important?
LEQ

How do we plant a seed?
Indirect seeding
Process in which seed is sown in a
place separate from where the
plants will eventually grow
 Transplanting happens 1 or 2
more times

Indirect seeding
Flats: made of plastic, size
determined by # of seeds to
grow
 Medium placed in & leveled off
½ to ¾ inch below top of flat
 Plant seeds in rows

Indirect seeding
Individual cells in cavity seedling
trays
 Flats made up of many small pots
 1-2 seeds per cell, later thinned
 Transplant with less damage

When to seed

Seeds must be planted on certain
dates so the seedlings are ready
for transplanting at the proper
time
Seed to market chart
Using the popular bedding plants
we will plant, create a chart to
display date planted by to be
ready for market sale.
 30 minutes

Sowing Seeds
To plant
 How to sow?
 ALWAYS BE SURE TO PLACE A
LABEL WITH YOUR NAME &
PLANT NAME!!!!

Watering
Water lightly with watering
cans
 Be careful not to wash out seeds
 Water from bottom when possible

Conditions for Germination
Semi shaded area of greenhouse
 Receive bottom heat
 Cover with plastic
 No fertilizer until true leaves have
developed

Transplanting
When true leaves have formed,
ready to be transplanted
 Page 73 & 74 transplanting
procedure
 My procedure

Direct Seeding
Seeds planted in permanent
growing area
 What plants?

Direct Seeding

Corn, melons, beans, beets, peas,
lettuce, carrots & other veggies
Activity
Using your chart that you created,
what seeds should be planted
first?
 Each student will plant this
correctly as taught in this lesson
 Show me before completing

Review

How do we plant a seed?
PLANT PROPAGATION
Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Warm-up

Explain the steps in transplanting.
LEQ

How do we propagate a
softwood & semihardwood
cutting?
Asexual reproduction

To produce clones of plants that
do not produce seeds & are
difficult to grow from seeds
Cuttings
Leaves or pieces of stems or roots
used for propagating a plant
 Various kinds
 Require same conditions to grow
as seedlings with added light

Cuttings
Root formation simulated because
of interruption of carbohydrates,
hormones & other materials from
leaves & growing tips
 Rooting hormones used to aid in
root formation

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Taken after current season’s
growth has partially matured
 Wood should be bendy
 Active terminal growth

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Find parent 2-6 inches of new
growth
 Make sure plant full of water
 Cut in morning (most moisture)
 Immediately place in bucket of
water

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them
 Leaves help keep cutting right
side up
 Cut at 45* angle on bottom,
straight at top

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them
 Leaves help keep cutting right
side up
 Cut at 45* angle on bottom,
straight at top
 Take back to table

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Flat, pot or container 4 inches
deep with holes in bottom
 Sterile medium
 ½ perlite & ½ sphagnum moss
 Medium varies
 Soak medium night before

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Make 3-4 inch cutting from stem or
shoot
 Very sharp knife/pruning shears
 Include 2-3 buds on each cutting
 Treat with proper concentration of
rooting hormone (fungicide
included)

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Cutting immediately placed in
rooting medium to ½ its length, no
more then 2 inches deep
 LABEL CUTTING!!

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Keep humidity very high
(Transpiration)
 Plastic bag to control
 No direct sunlight
 Tug gently after time to see if
rooting begun, leave for 7-10 more
days if not

Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Hardening off- prepare for
transplanting
 Open plastic a little each day
 When completely open, water as
normal, fertilizer at 1/4th strength
 Ready to be transplanted after 14
days

Herbaceous Cuttings
Made from succulent greenhouse
plants – geranium, chrysanthemum,
coleus, carnation, swedish ivy,
wandering jew, begonia
 Cuttings 3-6 inches long w/leaves
on upper to terminal end
 Same conditions as previous
w/bottom heat added

Lets Practice!!
Choose a plant to propagate:
Wandering Jew
Jade Plant
Begonia
Demonstrate proper techniques,
be sure to label!!

Exit Question
How do we propagate a
softwood & semihardwood
cutting?

PLANT PROPAGATION
Micropropagation
Warm-up
Do you think it is easier to make
a cutting or to plant a seed?
Why?

LEQ
What is micropropagation and
how can we do it successfully?

Micropropagation
Tissue culture
 Asexual method using sterilized
terminal shoots or lead buds placed
on sterile agar gel or other nutrient
growing medium
 Buds or stem tips placed in jar

Micropropagation
Tiny sprouts start, pulled off with
sterile tweezers, placed in new
medium in another container to
grow roots
 Harden off as roots develop
 Many thousand plants exactly like
parent

Micropropagation
Used for orchids
 Only used for professionals

Other types of Softwood Cuttings

Leaf Cuttings
African
Violet
cut base of leaf stem, place in
rooting medium
Pg 87 figure 7-16
Other types of Softwood Cuttings

Leaf-Bud Cutting
Cut
from stem with bud, remove
wooden shield of stem, cutting
placed in rooting medium with bud in
soil
Pg 87 figure 7-17
Other types of Softwood Cuttings

Mallet Cutting
2-4
inch piece of 2 year old wood
with current season or 1 year old
shoot on it
Mallet placed horizontally & covered
1 inch with rooting medium
Other types of Softwood Cuttings

Root Cuttings
Any
plant that will sprout from root
Place root in container, water well,
place clear glass/plastic over
Page 88 figure 7-19
Activity

Root spider plant in Greenhouse
PLANT PROPAGATION
Hardwood Cuttings
Warm-up

What is important to remember
about tissue cultures?
Lesson Essential Question

How do we propagate hardwood
cuttings?
Hardwood Cuttings
Easiest & least expensive of asexual
propagation
 Prepared in winter
 Can be shipped long
 No expensive equipment or storage
facility needed

Hardwood V. Softwood/semihardwood
Time of year
 Hardness (maturity)
 Absence of leaves
 Storage

Hardwood Cuttings
6 steps
 Pg 92 procedure

Selecting Hardwood Cuttings
From current years growth
 Cut from ends of branches or long
shoots from base
 Collected once dormant
 Taken all winter

Collecting Hardwood Cuttings
Use sharp knife or hand pruner
 Label
 6-8 inch cuttings for immediate use
or stored in cool moist place
 Cover with sawdust, sand or peat
moss to maintain moisture
 Not too wet or dry

Taking Hardwood Cuttings
Bottom cut just above a node & top
about 1 inch above a node or bud
 Bottom cut 45* angle & top 90*

Storing Hardwood Cuttings
Treated with rooting hormone for
better growth
 Tied in bundles for storage
 Stored for 6-8 weeks before
planting
 Allows callus to form- root quicker

Storing Hardwood Cuttings
May be buried in sand containers
 Low enough temp to prevent growth
at top
 First 4 weeks- 50-55*
 Lowered to 40* after

Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Planted outside soon as soil ready in
spring (lining out)
 Prepare soil
 Place cutting in soil and firmly
surround with soil, careful not to put
too much pressure on

Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Mulch to retain moisture
 Watch growth to make sure roots
have formed
 No extensive care

Activity
Propagate 3 hardwood stems
 Crape Myrtle
 Forsynthia
 Dogwood

PLANT PROPAGATION
Separation & Division
Warm-up

What is different between
hardwood and softwood
propagation?
Lesson Essential Question

How can we effectively propagate
using separation and division?
Separation
Method of propagation in which
naturally reproductive organs of a
plant detach from the parent plant
to become new plants
 Usually removed during dormant
stage

Separation
Bulbs & corms
 Responisble for food storage &
propagation of plant
 Natural process

Bulbs
Plant structure containing many
parts but primarily composed of
leaf scales
 Outside of foliage leaves are
bulblets – produce tiny bulbs that
grow into bigger bulbs, separated
& planted

Bulbs
Splits or slabs –first separated
 1 year- round bulb
 2 year- second flower bud- double
nose- 2 flower stalks
 Round & double nose sold
commercially

Types of Bulbs
No special care or handling- tulip
bulb- laminate or tunicate, dry
membranous outer scales
 Lily- loosely scaled, cannot
withstand handling- nontunicate or
scaly, no tough outer cover

Bulbs- Propagation Procedure
Dug & separated after foliage dies
back & plant dormant , stored &
planted at correct time
 Washed & cleaned before storage
 EX: narcissus, hyacinth, grape
hyacinth, tulip

Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Much slower rate
 Mother bulbs split at base to force
production of bulblets
 Flowering bulbs pulled from ground
in late August-mid September, kept
moist by sprinkling with water

Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Mid-October, placed 4 inches deep
& planted 1 inch apart
 Moved again in September, planted
6 inches deep & apart
 Then sold as flowering bulbs
 Should be 7 inches in circumference

Corms
Very solid, compact stem with nodes
& internodes
 Very short specialized stem for food
storage
 Covering that protects from injury &
drying

Corms- Propagation
Development of cormels is means of
reproducing
 Form naturally
 When dies back, dug up & small
cormels separated & grown to
larger size

Propagation by division
Method of propagation in which
parts of the plant are cut into new
sections, each will develop a new
plant
 Use knife or pruners

Rhizomes

Underground stems that grow
horizontally and produce roots on
the bottom & stems on top
Rhizomes- Propagation
Removed by digging underneath
with a garden fork or shovel
 Soil washed off
 Cut rhizome into sections- make sure
each has one eye (bud)

Tubers
Swollen end of an underground side
shoot or stem
 Distinguished by eyes- produces
separate plant as sprouts,
developing a shoot with roots at
base
 Contains stored food for plant until
leaves form

Tubers
EX: Irish Potato
 To propagate:
 Cut tubers into pieces, each must
contain one eye
 Planted same as seeds

Tuberous Roots
Thickened roots that contain large
amounts of stored food
 Have buds at stem end

Tuberous Roots- Propagation
Dividing crown, or cluster of roots,
when plant is dormant
 Dug in fall after frost killed top,
stored in dry sawdust, peat at 4050* to prevent shriveling or
complete drying out

Tuberous Roots- Propagation
In spring, clumps or crowms are cut
apart so each has a bud
 New pieces planted
 EX: Sweet potato
 Adventitious buds- sporadic &
unexpected places, pulled off &
planted

Activity
Plant bulbs correctly
 Correctly separate a plant

PLANT PROPAGATION
Grafting
Warm-up

Why is it important to know about
bulbs?
Lesson Essential Question

How do we propagate using
grafting?
Grafting
Two different plants are united to
become one
 Scion- newly installed shoot or top
of plant
 Rootstock- seedling or plant used as
bottom half of the graft

Grafting
Growing together of tissues
 Used to rapidly increase # of a
plant & give stronger, diseaseresistant roots
 Two plants must be compatible

Grafting
Used to:
 Topwork a large tree
 Insert a different variety on part of
the limbs of a tree for cross
pollination
 To propagate plants that may be
difficult to bud

Grafting Requirements
Compatibility- must be related to
one another, stock & scion grow
together
 Know what families grow best
together

Grafting Requirements
Scion wood- 1 year old & vigorous
growth
 Timing- don’t when stock & scion are
dormant
 Matching of tissues- cambium layer,
scion & rootstock must have close
contact & held tightly together

Grafting Requirements

Waterproofing- all cut surfaces must
be covered with grafting wax,
plastic or rubber ties
Whip or Tongue Graft
During winter months
 Small material
 Fruit trees
 Scion should contain 3 buds
 Root piece 4-8 inches & small
fibrous roots

Whip or Tongue Graft
Grafting cut made below bud on
stock, slant at angle, smooth surface
 Cut on rootstock should be same=
even fit
 Cambium must match growing area
at edge of root piece

Whip or Tongue Graft
Second cut made on first cut surface
in reverse direction, 1/3 of distance
from tip & nearly parrallel to first
cut
 Half as long as first cut
 Pieces slipped together w/tongues
interlocking

Whip or Tongue Graft
Pieces tightly tied together with
plastic propagation tape or rubber
bud ties
 Stored in moist sand or peat moss to
heal
 3-4 wks @ 50-55*
 After- 32-40*

Whip or Tongue Graft

Then planted in nursery, graft union
must be below ground
Side Veneer Graft
Effective way to graft evergreens
 Colorado Spruce grafted w/ blue
spruce to obtain shade of blue

Side Veneer Procedure
Pencil size
 Made in early spring
 Shallow cut made 1 ½ in long made
into one side of seedling rootstock
 Second cut made to remove piece
of wood

Side Veneer Procedure
Two cuts made on scion to shape it
so it fits cut made in rootstock.
 Scion inserted into rootstock.
Cambium layers must match at least
one side
 Scion tied tightly in place
 mulch

Cleft Graft

Used in topworking trees (grafting
to rootstock considerably larger
than scion
Cleft Graft Procedure
Rootstock sawed off at right angle
 Rootstock split with heavy knife &
hammer
 Split help open with wedge
 Scion cut in a long, smooth wedge
shape

Cleft Graft Procedure
Scions placed in rootstock, must
make close contact with rootstock
for entire distance, must be cut at
same slant as the split in the
rootstock
 Cambium of both must match

Stenting
Roses
 Grafting selected scion of desired
plant onto a piece of stem that
produces good roots

Stenting
Grafted stems then placed in
rooting chamber for healing & roots
to form
 Treated exactly as a semihardwood
cutting

Activity

Grafting Video
PLANT PROPAGATION
Budding
Warm-up

What are the 3 types of grafting?
Lesson Essential Question

What is the process of budding
propagation?
Budding
Form of grafting
 Single bud used instead of scion
 Many more plants reproduced from
same amount of parent wood
 More quickly
 Time- during active growth

Budding Steps
Plant seeds for seedling rootstock
 Select variety of budwood to be
propagated
 Determine correct date to bud
 Cut budwood, label it, & protect it
so does not dry out

Budding Steps
Perform budding process
 Check to see if buds taken
 Cut off rootstock above bud the
following spring

T-Budding
Small 1-2 yr old seedlings
 Actively growing, disease resistant,
& able to give desired growth
 Scion & rootstock must be
compatible

Collecting Budwood
Bud sticks, small shoots of current
seasons growth, collected on same
day to be inserted
 Kept wrapped in waterproof paper
 Vegetative buds necessary for
propagation
 Cut all leaves except 1 for handling

Rootstock
Developed for 1 yr, good size
 Make t-shaped cut to determine if
seedling is receptive, if bark
separates from wood of stem & is
moist and smooth

Cutting & Inserting Bud
Obtain materials
 1 person makes cut & inserts bud
while other person ties securely
 T-shaped cut made in the rootstock,
corners of bark lifted for easy insert
 Bud cut from bud stick middle
portion with shield of back & sliver
of wood

Cutting & Inserting Bud
Bud immediately inserted in the T
cut until bud shield even w/ top fo
T-cut
 Tie area with bud tie
 Entire area covered, only bud itself
exposed
 Inspection in 3 weeks, transplanted
in 1-2 yrs

Cutting & Inserting Bud

Page 114-116 in book
Chip Budding
Used for grapes
 Done when rootstock not in active
growth

Chip Budding Procedure
Pg 117
 45* cut made in rootstock ¼ of way
thru stem
 Second cut made 1 ½ in above first
cut, extending down to meet first
 Chip produced removed

Chip Budding Procedure
Bud to be inserted cut from bud stick
exactly as chip removed
 bud is inserted in rootstock & tied
with bud tie

Chip Budding Care
Cut rootstock off just above bud 1015 days for spring budding
 Fall budding, cut rootstock just
above bud the following spring, as
growth starts

Activity

Cgh
PLANT PROPAGATION
Layering
Warm-up

How do the 2 types of budding
differ?
Lesson Essential Question

How do we layer to propagate?
Layering
Asexual propagation, roots are
formed on a stem or root while still
attached to the parent plant
 Stem or root to be rooted is called
a layer
 Layer is cut free from parent only
after rooting

Advantages & Disadvantages
Simple but time consuming
 Few plants started
 Very high success rate
 Some plants naturally do
this….strawberries, red raspberries,
& African Violets

Simple Layering
Branch from parent bent to ground,
partially covered w/ soil.
 Terminal end exposed
 Early spring
 Water liberally
 Create a visual organizer to
represent the steps in layering page
123

Air Layering
Process that eliminated the burrying
part of the parent plant
 Part of plant is slit or girdled
(girdle- completely remove bark &
cambium around plant)
 Surrounded by moist growing
medium

Air Layering
Roots form where plant has been
wounded
 Generally made in spring on wood
of previous year
 Create a visual organizer to
represent air layering page 124125

Other methods of layering

Trench layering- mother plant bent
to ground & burried in trench, roots
form on covered portion of plant,
shoots can be separated
Other methods of layering

Stool Layering- begins with planting
of rooted layer in soil, parent plant
cut back to soil level, stem covered
with soil, as shoots grow, more soil is
added. Shoots cut & planted in
early spring
Other methods of layering
Compound Layering- springtime,
very similar to simple layering,
except stem covered by soil at 2 or
more points along length. Stem
girdled at point below ground
where new roots will form
 Several plants produced from single
stem

Activity

Layering on plant
Review

Review for test